Bingo (play)
| Bingo:Scenes of Money and Death | |
|---|---|
| Written by | Edward Bond |
| Characters | William Shakespeare Old Man Old Woman Judith William Combe Young Woman Son Ben Jonson Wally Joan Jerome 2nd Old Woman |
| Date premiered | 14 November 1973 |
| Place premiered | Northcott Theatre, Devon |
| Original language | English |
| Subject | Politics, Money, Role of the Artist |
| Genre | Political theatre |
| Setting | Warwickshire, 1615 and 1616 |
Bingo: Scenes of Money and Death is a 1973 play by English Marxist playwright Edward Bond. It depicts an ageing William Shakespeare at his Warwickshire home in 1615 and 1616, suffering pangs of conscience in part because he signed a contract which protected his landholdings, on the condition that he would not interfere with an enclosure of common lands that would hurt the local peasant farmers. Although the play is fictional, this contract has a factual basis.[1] Bingo is a political drama heavily influenced by Bertolt Brecht and Epic theatre.[2]
Explanation of the title
In an interview with the Sunday Times, Bond said, "Art has very practical consequences. Most 'cultural appreciation' ignores this and is no more relevant than a game of 'bingo' and less honest."[3]
Historical basis
Bond cites William Shakespeare by E.K. Chambers as his source for information about the Welcombe enclosure, on which Bingo is based.[4] In the introduction to Bingo Bond describes this incident: "A large part of his income came from rents (or tithes) paid on common fields at Welcombe near Stratford. Some important landowners wanted to enclose these fields... and there was a risk that the enclosure would affect Shakespeare's rents. He could either side with the landowners or with the poor who would lose their land and livelihood. He sided with the landowners. They gave him a guarantee against loss – and this is not a neutral document because it implies that should the people fighting the enclosers come to him for help he would refuse it. Well, the town did write to him for help and he did nothing."[5]
Characters
- William Shakespeare – Bond's Shakespeare is depressed and introspective, concerned more with financial security than with art or the people around him; he is notably silent during several scenes.
- Judith – Shakespeare's daughter; she resents Shakespeare's treatment of her mother
- William Combe – A wealthy landowner scheming to enclose the common lands for his own profit
- Old Man – Shakespeare's gardener, mentally handicapped after spending three years in a press gang
- Old Woman – The Old Man's wife, Shakespeare's housekeeper; Bond based her on Shakespeare's daughter Susanna Hall.[6]
- Young Woman – A displaced beggar woman, prostitute, and pyromaniac
- Son of the Old Man and Woman, a religious zealot who leads a rebellion party against Combe
- Ben Jonson – Shakespeare's drinking buddy and theatrical rival
- Jerome, Wally, and Joan – Peasant workers who join the Son in fighting Combe
- 2nd Old Woman – Shakespeare's wife Anne Hathaway; she is heard but never seen on stage
Plot summary
Part one
Scene One
Shakespeare is seated in his garden when the Young Woman arrives to beg. The Old Man takes her into the back garden for sex. The Old Woman tries to sound out Shakespeare's intentions with regards to Combe's land scheme and warns him that it will ruin local families. Combe arrives to convince Shakespeare to sign a contract stating that he will not interfere with the scheme, in exchange for the security of his own lands. Shakespeare hands Combe a paper stating his terms. The Old Man enters, followed by the Son, berating the Old Man for his sexual misconduct with the Young Woman. Combe interrogates her, but disbelieves her story, taking a haughty moralistic attitude. Combe and the Son take the Young Woman to be whipped for vagrancy and prostitution.
Scene Two
Six months later. The Old Woman tells Judith about her husband's condition and his history with the press gang, but Judith takes a moralistic tone, condemning the Old Man for his infidelity and irresponsibility. Later, Shakespeare and the Old Man are in the garden when the Young Woman returns. She is physically decimated, having been living in burned out barns all winter, supported by the Old Man. Shakespeare tells Judith to give the woman food and clothing, but Judith resents her and refuses. The woman hides in the orchard when Combe arrives to give Shakespeare the contract, which he signs. Judith enters and tells Combe that the woman has returned; he sends his men to apprehend her. Judith berates her father for his toleration of their misconduct and his lack of sympathy with the local people: "You don't notice these things. You must learn that people have feelings. They suffer."[7] Judith soon feels guilty at being the cause of the woman's punishment, and regrets turning her in. The Old Man breaks down crying because he knows that the woman will be executed for arson, having burned down several barns. He describes the public spectacle of an execution as a festivity he used to enjoy, but can no longer endure.
Scene Three
The Young Woman has been executed, and hangs on a gibbet on stage. While Shakespeare sits alone, the Son and several local labourers eat lunch. The Son talks about the woman's sin, also making pointed comments about Shakespeare. The Son and his friend Wally look into the dead woman's face and engage in vehement prayer, jumping and shouting. When they leave, Shakespeare tells Judith about the violent scene of a bear-baiting that took place next to the theatre, saying "When I go to my theatre I walk under sixteen severed heads on a gate. You hear bears in the pit while my characters talk."[8] Shakespeare relates his despair: "What does it cost to stay alive? I'm stupified by the suffering I've seen."[9]
Part two
Scene Four
Shakespeare and Ben Jonson are drinking in a tavern. Jonson has come to tell Shakespeare that the Globe Theatre has burned down, and to ask Shakespeare what he is writing. Their conversation and their attitude towards literature are unglamorous: "I hate writing. Fat white fingers excreting dirty black ink. Smudges. Shadows. Shit. Silence" Jonson says.[10] Jonson recounts a life of violence, compared with Shakespeare's "serene" existence. As the two get increasingly inebriated, the Son and the workers enter, having just had an encounter with Combe's men while destroying Combe's ditches and fences. They see themselves as religious soldiers against the "rich thieves plunderin' the earth."[11] Combe confronts them, claiming that he represents progress and realism.
Scene Five
Shakespeare is walking home from the tavern through the fresh snow, coming across the Old Man, who is throwing snowballs. Judith enters and scolds Shakespeare; Shakespeare tells her that after temporarily abandoning her mother, he tried to love Judith with money, but ended up making her materialistic and vulgar. She leaves him, and as he sits alone in the snow, several dark figures run by backstage, and a gunshot is heard. The Old Woman comes to bring Shakespeare home.
Scene Six
Shakespeare is in bed, half delirious, repeating the phrase "Was anything done?"[12] Judith and her mother knock on the door calling for Shakespeare to let them in, gradually becoming hysterical when he does not respond, until finally he slips his will to them under the door and they leave. The Son enters, and tells Shakespeare that in a scuffle with Combe's men he shot his father, the Old Man. Combe enters, and the Son hypocritically accuses him of shooting the Old Man. While Combe and the Son argue, Shakespeare takes poison pills he had taken from Jonson. Combe and the Son leave, unaware that Shakespeare is dying. Judith enters, and paying no care to her dying father, she ransacks the room looking for money or a second will.
Production history
Bingo was first presented at the Northcott Theatre, Devon on 14 November 1973. It was directed by Jane Howell and John Dove, with the following cast:
- Shakespeare – Bob Peck
- Old Man – Paul Jesson
- Son – David Howey
- William Combe – David Roper
- Ben Jonson – Rhys McConnochie
- Old Woman – Joanna Tope
- Judith – Sue Cox
- Young Woman – Yvonne Edgell
It was revived at the Young Vic Theatre, opening 16 Feb 2012, directed by Angus Jackson, with a cast led by Patrick Stewart (Shakespeare), John McEnery (Old Man), Catherine Cusack (Judith) and Richard McCabe (Ben Jonson).
Bond's Introduction
Like George Bernard Shaw, Bond generally wrote lengthy prose introductions for his plays. Bond begins the introduction to Bingo by mentioning the minor historical inaccuracies he introduced into the play for dramatic purposes; for example, the Globe Theatre burned down in 1613 rather than in 1616, and Michael Drayton was also present at Shakespeare's "last binge."[6] The rest of the introduction explains Bond's view of the relationship between "human values," society, and art. Although he finds much suffering and violence in his own and in Shakespeare's time, Bond is not ultimately pessimistic; he attributes this violence not to human nature but to the arrangement of society, which can be reformed. Reflecting his Marxist views, Bond argues that the demands of capitalism force people to act in aggressive, self-interested ways that conflict with their innate human values: "We're wrong when we assume we're free to use money in human ways," Bond writes.[13] He then argues that the proper role of art is to work against this corrupted version of society: "(Art) always insists on the truth, and tries to express the justice and order that are necessary to sanity but are usually destroyed by society."[14] Shakespeare's dilemma in Bingo is that he is caught between his financially motivated behaviour and his artistic sensibility of the destructiveness of that behaviour: "Shakespeare's plays show this need for sanity and its political expression, justice. But how did he live? His behavior as a property-owner made him closer to Goneril than Lear. He supported and benefitted from the Goneril-society – with its prisons, workhouses, whipping, starvation, mutiliation, pulpit-hysteria and all the rest of it."[5]
Notes
References
- Bond, Edward (1987). "Bingo". Plays:Three. Suffolk: Methuen.
- Worthen, W.B. (2002). Modern Drama. Cambridge, MA: Heinle and Heinle.
- Hay, Malcolm; Philip Roberts (1980). Bond: A Study of His Plays. London: Eyre Methuen.
Further reading
- Brown, Christy L. 1986. "Edward Bond's Bingo: Shakespeare and the Ideology of Genius". Iowa State Journal of Research 60 (3): 343–354.
- Lappin, Lou. 1986. "The Artist in Society. Bond, Shakespeare, and Bingo", in: Cardullo, Bert (ed.) Before His Eyes: Essays in Honor of Stanley Kauffmann. Lanham, MD: UPs of America: 57–70.
- Bulman, James C. 1986. "Bond, Shakespeare and the Absurd". Modern Drama 29 (1): 60–70