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Black crappie

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Black crappie
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Centrarchidae
Genus: Pomoxis
Species:
P. nigromaculatus
Binomial name
Pomoxis nigromaculatus
(Lesueur, 1829)

The black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) is a freshwater fish found in North America, one of the two crappies. It is very similar to the white crappie in size, shape, and habits, except that it is darker, with a pattern of black spots.

Description

Black crappies are most accurately identified by the seven or eight spines on its dorsal fin (white crappies have five or six dorsal spines).[2] Crappies have a deep and laterally compressed body. They are usually silvery-gray to green in color and show irregular or mottled black splotches over the entire body.[2][3] Black crappies have rows of dark spots on their dorsal, anal, and caudal fins.[2] The dorsal and anal fins resemble each other in shape.[2] Both crappies have large mouths extending to below the eye, and thin lips—both suggestive of their piscivorous feeding habits.[2][4] Crappies are typically about 4–8 inches (10–20 cm) long. The current all-tackle fishing world record for a black crappie is 2.25 kg (5 lbs. 0 oz.).[5] The maximum length reported for a black crappie is 19.3 inches (49 cm) and the maximum published weight is just under 6 pounds (2,700 g).[2]

Black crappie, San Joaquin Valley, California

Distribution

The black crappie's range is uncertain, since it has been widely transplanted, but it is presumed to be similar to the white crappie's. Its native range is suspected to be in the eastern United States and Canada, and as of 2005, populations existed in all of the 48 contiguous U.S. states.[6][7][8] Introduced populations also exist in Mexico and Panama.

Habitat

The black crappie's habitats are lakes, reservoirs, borrow pits, and navigation pools in large rivers. They prefer areas with little or no current, clear water, and abundant cover such as submerged timber or aquatic vegetation,[7][8][9] as well as sand or mud bottoms like those found in lakes, ponds, streams, and sloughs.[2]

Like P. annularis, P. nigromaculatus is very prolific and can tend to overpopulate its environment, with negative consequences both for the crappie and for other fish species.[10] A commercial supplier of the fish, however, claims that it can be safely stocked in ponds as small as one acre (0.4 ha) in area.[11]

Diet

Crappies feed early in the morning and from about midnight until approximately 2am. Individuals smaller than about 16 cm in length eat plankton and minuscule crustaceans, while larger individuals feed on small fish (like shad), as well as minnows.[2] Adult black crappie feed on fewer fish than white crappie do; instead they consume a larger volume of insects and crustaceans.[3] According to scientific studies carried out in California, mysid shrimp, Neomysis awatschensis, as well as amphipods, and Corophium, were the most commonly eaten by all sizes of black crappie. Although this diet is popular among black crappies in general, their diet may significantly change based on habitat, availability of food, and other biotic factors such as amount of resource competition.[12] The same study also showed that young, small crappie tend to feed on small aquatic invertebrate animals and changed to a fish-filled diet as they matured to adulthood.[12] Its diet, as an adult, tends to be less dominated by other fish than that of the white crappie.[7][8]

Relationships with humans

Crappies are a very popular sport fish, as they are easy to catch during their feeding times.[13] There are minimal number and size restriction limits for fishing the crappie species.[2]

Conservation status

Black crappies can be safely harvested under minimal, reasonable regulations, as long as there is no permanent damage to the fishery or environment.[2] The black crappie is not listed as a species under threat on the IUCN Red List.[2]

Reproduction and life cycle

Black crappies mature at 2–4 years. Growth during the first four years of their life is faster in the warm waters of the southern part of its range than in cooler waters in the north.[2] White crappie have a higher growth rate in terms of length than black crappie.[3] Most fish that are caught for sport are between 2 and 5 years old.[citation needed]

The breeding season varies by location, due to the species' great range. Breeding temperature is 14‒20 °C (58‒68 °F) and spawning occurs in spring and early summer. Spawning occurs in a nest built by the male.[2][7][14] Males use their bodies and tails to sweep out an area of sand or mud in shallow water (between one and six feet deep) usually near a shoreline and vegetation to create a nest.[3] Black crappies appear to nest in the most protected areas (such as places with woody debris or live vegetation) possible.[15]

Female crappies produce an average of 40,000 spherical eggs, the number depending on their age and size. After spawning, the male watches over the nest until eggs hatch, which is usually about 2–3 days. Newly hatched fish larvae are about 2.32 millimetres (0.091 in) long and appear translucent. They stay in the nest for several days before moving to shallow, sheltered waters.[2][7][14]

The oldest recorded age of a specimen is fifteen years, although seven years is a more typical life span for the species.[7]

Etymology

Pomoxis, the genus name, is Greek: "poma, -atos" and "oxys" meaning sharp operculum. This references the fish's spined gill covers. The species name, nigromaculatus, is derived from Latin and means "black-spotted".[2][3]

References

  1. ^ Template:IUCN
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Biological Profiles Black Crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus)". Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Black Crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus)". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  4. ^ "Black Crappie". Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  5. ^ IGFA World Record: Black Crappie - (Pomoxis nigromaculatus)
  6. ^ "Black Crappie". Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved 2006-06-29.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Pomoxis nigromaculatus". FishBase. March 2006 version.
  8. ^ a b c "Black Crappie". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved 2006-06-29.
  9. ^ "Species and Eco Systems". Harrison Fishery. Retrieved 2011-05-20.
  10. ^ Boxrucker, Jeff (April 1987). "Largemouth Bass Influence on Size Structure of Crappie Populations in Small Oklahoma Impoundments". North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 7 (2): 273–278 – via Wiley Online Library.
  11. ^ "Types of Fish: Black Crappie". Dunn's Fish Farm. Retrieved 2006-06-29.
  12. ^ a b Jerry L. Turner (May 1996). "Ecological studies of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta :: Part 2, Fishes of the Delta". Vol. 22, no. 2. University of California. California, Dept. of Fish and Game. pp. 627–636.
  13. ^ Crappie Fishing Information – Information on Fishing for Crappie – Retrieved 2013-07-24
  14. ^ a b "Comprehensive Report Species - Pomoxis nigromaculatus". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 2006-06-29.
  15. ^ Pope, K. L.; D. W. Willis (December 1997). "Environmental characteristics of black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) nesting sites in two South Dakota waters". Ecology of Freshwater Fish. 6 (4): 183–189. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0633.1997.tb00161.x.
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