Bleeding toad
| Bleeding toad | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | Leptophryne |
| Species: | L. cruentata
|
| Binomial name | |
| Leptophryne cruentata (Tschudi, 1838)
| |
| Synonyms[2] | |
|
Bufo cruentatus Tschudi, 1838 | |
The bleeding toad, fire toad, or Indonesia tree toad (Leptophryne cruentata) is a species of true toad endemic to Java, Indonesia.[2] It is listed as a critically endangered species due to a drastic population decline, caused in part by habitat loss due to global climate change and the eruption of Mount Galunggung in 1987.[1] Chytridiomycosis has been identified as a possible threat, but no positive identification has been made. It is possible that the chemical cocktail secreted by the toads provides them with some resistance to the fungus.
Description
Bleeding toads are medium-sized toads that have dark red/purple bodies with blood-red to yellow marbling present on the back and legs.[3] Males measure 20–30 mm (0.79–1.18 in) and females 25–40 mm (0.98–1.57 in) in snout–vent length.[4] They resemble other toads in the family Bufonidae with several distinctions. They have reduced Bidder's organs, and partially fused pectoral epicoracoid cartilage. In addition, they have a slender habitus and elongate limbs.[5] They received the common name "bleeding toad" due to the red back markings and the skin secretions they produce when stressed.[3][6]
Distribution
The narrow geographic range of the toads may be partially responsible for the decline in population numbers. They are endemic to Mount Pangrango and Mount Gedeh located in the Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park in Indonesia.[1] They prefer to inhabit the boundary zones between the moist lowland areas and mountainous forests, typically found between altitudes of 1,000–2,000 m (3,300–6,600 ft) above sea level.[1] They breed and lay their eggs in slow moving, vernal streams in which the larvae develop.[1]
Threats
Bleeding toads are listed as critically endangered by the IUCN, due to a population decline of more than 80% in the past 10 years.[1] It is believed that the eruption of Mount Galunggung in 1987 is responsible for a significant portion of this decline due to the loss and degradation of habitat.[3] Chytridiomycosis has been identified as a possible source of population decline, as the observed patterns of decline resemble declines of other mountainous stream-breeding amphibians that have been affected by the fungus, but no positive identification of the disease on a bleeding toad has been made.[7][1][3]
The effects of global climate change may also contribute to the decline of the species.[1] As temperatures rise, the range of suitable habitat for many mountainous species is moved to higher elevations. The result of this is a smaller total amount of suitable habitat, that can support smaller populations. Additionally, these populations are often isolated, which can leave them vulnerable to events such as the eruption of Mount Galungung.[8]
Skin secretions
Much interest has been generated by the chemical cocktail that is secreted by bleeding toads when stressed. The secretions have been shown to exhibit both antifungal and antibacterial properties.[6] This skin secretion may be the reason that chytridiomycosis has not had a major effect on the toads; the antifungal properties may give the toads a resistance to the fungus.[6][7] Researchers have shown interest in finding ways of isolating the antibacterial/antifungal components of the secretion and mass-producing them as novel medicines.[6]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Template:IUCN Database entry includes a range map, a brief justification of why this species is critically endangered, and the criteria used.
- ^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2017). "Leptophryne cruentata (Tschudi, 1838)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
- ^ a b c d "Bleeding Toad, Critically endangered from Habitat Loss and Chytrid". Amphibian Ark. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ "Leptophryne cruentata". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
- ^ Graybeal, Anna; Cannatella, David C. (1995-01-01). "A new taxon of Bufonidae from Peru, with descriptions of two new species and a review of the phylogenetic status of supraspecific bufonid taxa". Herpetologica. 51 (2): 105–131. JSTOR 3892580.
- ^ a b c d "Antifungal activity of skin secretion of bleeding toad Leptophryne cruentata and Javan tree frog Rhacophorus margaritifer". American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 11 (1): 5–10. doi:10.3844/ajbbsp.2015.5.10.
- ^ a b Kusrini, M. D.; Skerratt, L. F.; Garland, S.; Berger, L.; Endarwin, W. (2008). "Chytridiomycosis in frogs of Mount Gede Pangrango, Indonesia". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 82 (3): 187–194. doi:10.3354/dao01981. PMID 19244970.
- ^ Wilson, Robert J.; Gutiérrez, David; Gutiérrez, Javier; Martínez, David; Agudo, Rosa; Monserrat, Víctor J. (2005-11-01). "Changes to the elevational limits and extent of species ranges associated with climate change". Ecology Letters. 8 (11): 1138–1146. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00824.x. ISSN 1461-0248.