View source for Bokar language

{{Short description|Tani language spoken in Tibet and India}}
{{Expand Chinese|博嘎尔方言|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Bokar
|altname=Bokar-Ramo
|nativename=
|region=[[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]
|ethnicity=[[Lhoba people|Lhoba]]
|speakers=?
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Tani languages|Tani]]
|fam3=Eastern Tani
|dia1=Bokar
|dia2=Ramo
|iso3=none
|glotto=boka1249
|glottorefname=Bokar-Ramo
|map2=Lang Status 80-VU.svg
|mapcaption2={{center|{{small|Bokar is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}
}}

'''Bokar''' or '''Bokar-Ramo''' ({{IPA-all|bɔk˭ar ɡɔm}}; {{zh|p=Bogar Luoba}}) is a [[Tani languages|Tani]] language spoken by the [[Lhoba people|Lhoba]] in [[West Siang district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]] (Megu 1990) and Nanyi Township 南伊珞巴民族乡, [[Mainling County]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[China]] (Ouyang 1985).

The Ramo dialect is spoken in Mechukha Subdivision and Monigong Circle (Badu 2004).

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |([[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo]]-)[[Alveolo-palatal consonant|<br />palatal]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|p
|pʲ
|t
|
|k
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|b
|bʲ
|d
|
|ɡ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|
|
|tɕ
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
|
|dʑ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|
|(s)
|ɕ
|
|h, (ɦ)
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|m
|mʲ
|n
|ɲ
|ŋ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|r
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|w
|
|l
|j
|
|
|}

* The pronunciation of /ɕ/ may vary between [ɕ] and [s] among different dialects.
* Some speakers may also pronounce /tɕ/ as [ts] when preceding vowels other than /i/.
* /h/ can be realized as either voiced [ɦ] or [h], when preceding /i/.
*Stops /p t k/ are heard as unreleased [p̚ t̚ k̚] in word-coda position.
* A retroflex affricate /tʂ/ can also occur only from Tibetan loanwords.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sun|first=Tianshin|title=A Historical-comparative Study of the Tani (Mirish) Branch in Tibeto-Burman|year=1993|pages=495}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ouyang|first=Jueya|title=Luobazu yuyan jian zhi (Beng ni - Bo ga er yu) [珞巴族 语言 简 志 (崩 尼 - 博 嘎 尔 语)]|publisher=Minzu chubanshe [民族出版社]|year=1985}}</ref>

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|i
|(ɨ)
|ɯ
|u
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|e
|ə
| colspan="2" |o
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| 
|a
| colspan="2" |
|}

* /ɯ/ can also be heard as more central [ɨ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Megu|first=Shri Arak|title=Bokar Language Guide|publisher=Itanagar: Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh|year=1990}}</ref>
* /o/ is heard as more open and nasalized before /ŋ/ as [ɔ̃ŋ].

==Writing system==
Bokar is written in the [[Latin script]] in India and the [[Tibetan script]] in China.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=language_detail&key=adi | title=ScriptSource - Luoba, Boga'er }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*Badu, Tapoli. 2004. ''Ramo language guide''. Itanagar: Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh.
*Ouyang, Jueya. 1985. ''Luobazu Yuyan Jianzhi (Bengni-Boga'eryu)'' [Brief Description of the Luoba Nationality Language (The Bengni-Bokar Language)]. Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Tani languages}}
{{Arunachal languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tani languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Languages of China]]
[[Category:Languages of Tibet]]


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