View source for Brazilian cruiser Bahia

{{short description|Brazilian scout cruiser}}
{{other ships|Brazilian ship Bahia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image               = GLAM MB Cruzador-Auxiliar (45024099444).jpg
| Ship caption             = ''Bahia'' sometime before its mid-1920s modernization, as indicated by its two funnels<ref name=Conways/>
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Ship country             = Brazil
| Ship flag                = {{shipboxflag|Brazil|1889}}
| Ship name                = ''Bahia''
| Ship namesake            = [[Bahia|State of Bahia]]
| Ship ordered             =
| Ship builder             = [[Armstrong Whitworth]]<ref name=Conways/><ref name=Miramar/>
| Ship yard number         = 809<ref name=Miramar/>
| Ship laid down           = 19 August 1907<ref name=Conways/><ref name=Miramar/>
| Ship launched            = 20 January 1909<ref name=Miramar/>
| Ship commissioned        = 21 May 1910<ref name=BrazilNavy/>
| Ship sponsor=Madame Altino Correia
| Ship decommissioned      =
| Ship honors             =
| Ship fate                = Sunk by an explosion, 4 July 1945<ref name=BrazilNavy/><ref name=Scheina427/>
| Ship notes               =
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as built)
| Ship class               = {{sclass|Bahia|cruiser|1}}
| Ship displacement        = {{convert|3100|t|LT ST|sigfig=3|lk=out}}<ref name=Conways/><ref name=BrazilNavy/>
| Ship length              =*{{convert|122.38|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[length overall|oa]]
* {{convert|115.82|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[length between perpendiculars|pp]]<ref name=BrazilNavy/>
| Ship beam                = {{convert|11.89|–|11.91|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=BrazilNavy/>
| Ship draft               =*{{convert|3.81|m|ft|abbr=on}} forward<ref name=BrazilNavy/>
* {{convert|4.75|m|ft|abbr=on}} amidships<ref name=BrazilNavy/>
* {{convert|4.42|m|ft|abbr=on}} aft<ref name=BrazilNavy/>
| Ship propulsion          =*Five [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] steam turbines,<ref name="JANES">Moore ed., ''Janes Fighting Ships'', 300.</ref> ten [[Water-tube boiler#Yarrow|Yarrow boilers]]<ref name=BrazilNavy/>
* Coal normal {{convert|150|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=JANES/>
* Maximum {{convert|650|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=JANES/>
| Ship speed               =*{{convert|27.016|kn|km/h mph}} trial<ref name=Conways/>
* {{convert|25|kn|km/h mph}} at full load<ref name=BrazilNavy/>
| Ship endurance           =*{{convert|1400|nmi|km mi}} at {{convert|23.5|kn|km/h mph}}<ref name=JANES/>
* {{convert|3500|nmi|km mi}} at {{convert|10|kn|km/h mph}}<ref name=JANES/>
| Ship complement          = 320<ref name=JANES/> to 357<ref name=BrazilNavy/>
| Ship armament            =*10 × {{convert|120|mm|in|3|abbr=on}}/50 [[caliber#Caliber as measurement of length|caliber]],<ref name=BrazilNavy/>
* 6 × [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss|3-pounder {{convert|47|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}]]/50 caliber,<ref name=Conways/><ref name=BrazilNavy/>
* 2 × {{convert|457|mm|in|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes<ref name=Conways/>
| Ship armor               =*Deck: {{convert|19|mm|in|3|abbr=on}}<ref name=Conways/>
* [[Conning tower]]: {{convert|76|mm|in|3|abbr=on}}<ref name=Conways/>
}}
|}
'''''Bahia''''' was the lead ship of a [[Bahia-class cruiser|two-vessel class]] of cruisers built for Brazil by the British company [[Armstrong Whitworth]]. Crewmen mutinied in November 1910 aboard ''Bahia'', {{ship|Brazilian coastal defense ship|Deodoro||2}}, {{ship|Brazilian battleship|Minas Geraes||2}}, and {{ship|Brazilian battleship|São Paulo||2}}, beginning the four-day {{lang|pt|Revolta da Chibata}} ([[Revolt of the Lash]]). Brazil's capital city of [[Rio de Janeiro]] was held hostage by the possibility of a naval bombardment, leading the government to give in to the rebel demands which included the abolition of [[flogging]] in the navy. During the [[First World War]], ''Bahia'' and its sister ship {{ship|Brazilian cruiser|Rio Grande do Sul||2}} were assigned to the {{lang|pt|Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra}} (Naval Division in War Operations), the Brazilian Navy's main contribution in that conflict. The squadron was based in [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Dakar]] and escorted convoys through an area believed to be heavily patrolled by U-boats.

''Bahia'' was extensively modernized in the mid-1920s. It received three new [[John Brown & Company|Brown–Curtis]] turbine engines and six new [[Water-tube boiler#Thornycroft|Thornycroft boilers]], and it was converted from coal-burning to oil. The refit resulted in a striking aesthetic change, with the exhaust being trunked into three funnels instead of two. The armament was also modified, adding three {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[Madsen autocannon]]s, a {{convert|7|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[Hotchkiss et Cie|Hotchkiss]] machine gun, and four {{convert|533|mm|in|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes. In the 1930s, it served with government forces during multiple revolutions.

In the [[Second World War]], ''Bahia'' was once again used as a convoy escort, sailing over {{convert|100000|nmi|km mi}} in the span of about a year. On 4 July 1945, it was acting as a plane guard for transport aircraft flying from the Atlantic to Pacific theaters of war. ''Bahia''{{'}}s gunners were firing at a kite for anti-aircraft practice when one aimed too low and hit depth charges stored near the stern of the ship, resulting in a massive explosion that incapacitated the ship and sank it within minutes. Only a few of the crew survived the blast, and fewer still were alive when their rafts were discovered days later.

==Construction and commissioning==
{{see also|South American dreadnought race}}
[[File:Brazilian cruiser Bahia - Oscar Parkes.png|left|thumb|''Bahia'' by [[Oscar Parkes]], c. 1910]]
''Bahia'' was part of a large 1904 naval building program by Brazil.<ref name="Poder">
"[http://www.naval.com.br/ngb/B/B006/B006.htm Cruzador Bahia&nbsp;– C 12/C 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226161020/http://www.naval.com.br/NGB/B/B006/B006.htm |date=26 February 2008 }} " {{in lang|pt}}, ''Navios de Guerra Brasileiros''. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
</ref><ref name=Conways403>Scheina, "Brazil," 403.</ref> Also planned as part of this were the two {{sclass|Minas Geraes|battleship|0}} [[dreadnought]]s, ten {{sclass|Pará|destroyer (1908)|0}} destroyers, three [[submarine]]s and a [[submarine tender]].<ref name=Conways403/><ref>Scheina, ''Latin America's Wars'', 37.</ref> With a design that borrowed heavily from the British {{sclass|Adventure|cruiser|0}} scout cruisers,<ref name=Conways>Scheina, "Brazil," 405.</ref> ''Bahia''{{'}}s [[keel]] was laid on 19 August 1907 in [[Armstrong Whitworth|Armstrong Whitworth's]] Elswick, [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] yard.<ref name=Conways/><ref name=Miramar>R.B. Haworth, "6103832 [''Bahia'']" (subscription required), [http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ ''Miramar Ship Index''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223040022/http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ |date=23 February 2016 }}. Retrieved 19 October 2009.</ref> Construction took about a year and a half, and she was [[ship naming and launching|launched]] on 20 January 1909 with Madame Altino Correia being the sponsor on behalf of Madame Dr. Araugo Pinho.<ref name="MarEng">{{cite book |title=The Engineer |year=1909 |volume=107 |page=82}}</ref><ref name=Miramar/><ref name=Poder/>{{refn|There is some scholarly confusion about when ''Bahia'' and ''Rio Grande do Sul'' were launched. The ''Miramar Ship Index''—using information from contemporary builders' records—and the ''Navios de Guerra Brasileiros'' record ''Bahia''{{'}}s launching date as 20 January 1909, and its sister ship ''Rio Grande do Sul''{{'}}s as 20 April 1909.<ref name=Miramar/><ref name="Poder"/><ref>R.B. Haworth, "6103914 [''Rio Grande do Sul'']" (subscription required), ''Miramar Ship Index''. Retrieved 19 October 2009.</ref> ''Bahia''{{'}}s date is backed up by a contemporary news report from the ''Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer''.<ref>"[http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/19090121/059/0004 Brazilian Warship Launched at Elswich]," ''Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer'', 21 January 1909, 4.</ref> ''Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921'' wrongly reverses these dates, giving 20 January for ''Rio Grande do Sul'' and 20 April for ''Bahia''.<ref name=Conways/> Confusing matters further, the Brazilian Navy's official history gives 19 April for ''Rio Grande do Sul''{{'}}s keel laying.<ref name=BrazilNavy/>|group=upper-alpha}} The process of [[fitting out]] pushed its completion date to 2 March 1910,<ref name=Miramar/> after which it sailed to Brazil and arrived in [[Recife]] on 6 May.<ref name=BrazilNavy>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160224154822/http://www.sistemas.dphdm.mar.mil.br/navios/Index.asp?codNavio=155 ''Bahia'' (3°)]" {{in lang|pt}}, ''Histórico de Navios; Serviço de Documentação da Marinha'', [[Brazilian Navy|Marinha do Brasil]]. Retrieved 27 January 2015.</ref> The new cruiser—the third ship of the Brazilian Navy to honor the [[States of Brazil|state]] of [[Bahia]]<ref name=BrazilNavy/><ref name=Poder/>—was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the navy shortly thereafter on 21 May 1910.<ref name=BrazilNavy/> As a class, ''Bahia'' and ''Rio Grande do Sul'' were the fastest cruisers in the world when they were commissioned,<ref name=Conways/> and the first in the Brazilian Navy to utilize [[steam turbine]]s for propulsion.<ref name=BrazilNavy/>

==Mutiny==
{{Main|Revolt of the Lash}}
{{see also|South American dreadnought race#Brazilian naval revolt}}
Brazil's economy was suffering from a severe recession at the same time ''Bahia'' was commissioned.<ref name=Smallman28>Smallman, ''Fear & Memory'', 28.</ref> This economic hardship, the racism prevalent in all branches of the Brazilian armed forces, and the severe discipline enforced on all navy ships, spawned a mutiny known as the {{lang|pt|Revolta da Chibata}} ([[Revolt of the Lash]]) among sailors on the most powerful ships.<ref name=Smallman28/><ref name=Scheina74>Scheina, ''Latin America's Wars'', 74.</ref>

Unhappy with the violent treatment they were receiving, black sailors on the dreadnought battleship {{ship|Brazilian battleship|Minas Geraes||2}} began planning an uprising early in 1910, choosing [[João Cândido Felisberto]]—an experienced sailor later known as the "Black Admiral"—as their leader.<ref name=Smallman28/> In mid-November, a sailor was sentenced to be flogged in front of his fellow sailors, even though the practice had been banned by law.<ref name=Smallman28/><ref name=Scheina74/> The punishment was administered and continued even after the sailor fainted,<ref name=Smallman28/> infuriating the nascent mutineers. Although they were not ready and could not revolt immediately, they quickened their preparations and rebelled on 21 November, earlier than originally planned.<ref name=Scheina74/> They killed several officers and the captain of ''Minas Geraes'', while other officers were forced off the ship.<ref name=Scheina74/> The revolt quickly expanded to the battleship {{ship|Brazilian battleship|São Paulo||2}}, the elderly coastal defense ship {{ship|Brazilian coastal defense ship|Deodoro||2}}, and ''Bahia''.<ref name=Scheina74/> While joining the revolt, the crew of the scout&nbsp;cruiser murdered one of their officers.<ref name=Poder/> During this time, discipline on the rebelling ships was not relaxed; daily drills were conducted and Felisberto ordered all liquor to be thrown overboard.<ref name=Scheina74/>

[[File:Joao Candido.jpg|thumb|left|João Cândido Felisberto with reporters, officers and sailors on aboard ''Minas Geraes'' on 26 November 1910, the final day of the rebellion.]]
The crews of the [[torpedo boat]]s remained loyal to the government,<ref name=Scheina74/> and army troops moved to the [[Catete Palace|presidential palace]] and the coastline, but neither group could stop the mutineers.<ref name=Smallman28/> The fact that many who manned Rio de Janeiro's harbor defenses were sympathetic to the mutineers' cause,<ref name=Scheina74/> coupled with chance that the capital might be bombarded by the mutinous ships, forced the [[National Congress of Brazil]] to give in to the rebels' demands.<ref name=Smallman28/> These included the abolition of flogging, improved living conditions, and the granting of amnesty to all mutineers.<ref name=Smallman28/><ref name=Scheina74/> The government also issued official pardons and a statement of regret; its submission resulted in the rebellion's end on 26&nbsp;November, when control of the four ships was handed back to the navy.<ref name=Smallman28/>

==First World War==
{{See also|Brazil during World War I}}
In the opening years of the First World War, the Brazilian Navy was sent out to patrol the South Atlantic with French, British and American naval units, although its ships were not supposed to engage any threat outside territorial waters as Brazil was not at war with the [[Central Powers]].<ref name="Scheina35, 37-38">Scheina, ''Latin America's Wars'', 35, 37–38.</ref> The country also tried to ensure that it remained totally neutral; ''Bahia'' and ''Rio Grande do Sul'' were sent to [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]] in August 1914 to enforce neutrality laws when it was reported that the German raider {{SMS|Bremen||2}} was lying in wait off that port for British and American merchant ships.<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/1914/08/07/archives/warships-off-argentina-a-british-and-a-german-cruiser-watching-for.html Warships off Argentina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724215049/https://www.nytimes.com/1914/08/07/archives/warships-off-argentina-a-british-and-a-german-cruiser-watching-for.html |date=24 July 2018 }}," ''The New York Times'', 7 August 1914, 7.</ref>{{refn|''The New York Times''{{'}} article refers to {{SMS|Bremen||2}}, but that ship was in the [[Baltic Sea]] at the time. The only German cruiser in that area in August 1914 was {{SMS|Dresden|1907|2}}. The misidentification was probably due to the [[fog of war]].|group=upper-alpha}} Brazil joined the [[Allies of World War I|Entente]] and declared war on the Central Powers on 26 October 1917.<ref name=BrazilNavy/><ref name="Scheina35, 37-38"/>

On 21 December 1917, the Brazilian Navy—at the behest of the British—formed a small naval force with the intent of sending it to the other side of the Atlantic.<ref name=Scheina38>Scheina, ''Latin America's Wars'', 38.</ref> On 30 January 1918, ''Bahia'' was made the [[flagship]] of the newly organized {{lang|pt|Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra}} (Naval Division in War Operations, abbreviated as DNOG), under the command of [[Rear Admiral]] [[Pedro Max Fernando Frontin]].<ref name=BrazilNavy/><ref name=Poder/> The other ships assigned to the squadron were ''Bahia''{{'}}s sister ''Rio Grande do Sul'', {{sclass|Pará|destroyer (1908)|0}} destroyers {{ship|Brazilian destroyer|Piauí||2}}, {{ship|Brazilian destroyer|Paraíba|1909|2}}, {{ship|Brazilian destroyer|Rio Grande do Norte|1909|2}} and {{ship|Brazilian destroyer|Santa Catarina|1909|2}}, [[Ship's tender|tender]] {{ship|Brazilian tender|Belmonte||2}}, and tugboat ''Laurindo Pita''.<ref name=BrazilNavy/><ref name=Poder/><ref name=Conways403/><ref name=Scheina38/>

[[File:Time de futebol do Cruzador Bahia 1917.png|thumb|right|Crewmen aboard ''Bahia'', 1917]]

The DNOG sailed for the British colony of [[Sierra Leone]] on 31 July. Since other allied countries helped with logistics, little was provided by Brazil aside from the ships themselves and the men crewing them.<ref name=Scheina38/> Despite the threat of a [[U-boat]] attack, they were forced to stop several times so ''Belmonte'' could transfer necessities such as coal and water to the other ships.<ref name=Scheina38/> They reached [[Freetown]] safely on 9 August and remained in the port until 23 August when they departed for [[Dakar]].<ref name=Scheina38/> While on this section of the voyage, ''Bahia'', ''Rio Grande do Sul'', ''Rio Grande do Norte'', ''Belmonte'' and ''Laurindo Pita'' spotted an apparent torpedo heading for ''Belmonte'', but it missed. ''Rio Grande do Norte'' then fired several shots and depth-charged what the force believed to be a U-boat.<ref name=BrazilNavy/><ref name=Scheina39>Scheina, ''Latin America{{'}}s Wars'', 39.</ref> While the official Brazilian history of the ship definitively claims to have sunk a submarine,<ref name=BrazilNavy/> author [[Robert Scheina]] notes that this action was never confirmed,<ref name=Scheina39/> and works published about U-boat losses in the war do not agree.<ref>Scheina, ''Latin America's Wars'', 396.</ref>

After arriving in Dakar on 26 August, the DNOG was tasked with patrolling a triangle with corners at Dakar, [[Cape Verde]] and [[Gibraltar]]; the Allies believed that this area was rife with U-boats waiting for convoys to pass through.<ref name=Scheina39/> As such, the Brazilian unit's mission was to patrol for [[naval mine|mines]] laid by German minelaying submarines and to make sure that [[convoy]]s passing through would be safe.<ref name=Scheina39/> Complications arose when both ''Bahia'' and ''Rio Grande do Sul'' had problems with their [[condenser (heat transfer)|condensers]], a matter which was made much worse by the hot, tropical climate in which the ships were serving.<ref name=Scheina39/>

In early September, the squadron was struck by the [[1918 flu pandemic|Spanish flu pandemic]].<ref name=Scheina39/> The contagion began aboard ''Bahia'', spread to the other ships of the squadron and remained present for seven weeks.<ref name=Scheina39/> At one point, 95% of some of the ships' crews were infected; 103&nbsp;died overseas, and 250&nbsp;died in Brazil after returning there.<ref name=Scheina39/> On 3 November, ''Bahia'', three of the four destroyers, and the tugboat were sent to Gibraltar for operations in the Mediterranean Sea.<ref name=Scheina39/> They arrived on 9&nbsp;or 10 November,<ref name=Poder/><ref name=Scheina39/><ref name=IsraelDANFS>"[http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/i/israel.html ''Israel''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910020505/http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/i/israel.html |date=10 September 2015 }}," ''[[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships]]'', [[Naval History & Heritage Command]]/[[United States Department of the Navy|Navy Department]].</ref>{{refn|Sources give different dates; the ''Navios de Guerra Brasileiros'' and ''Israel''{{'}}s ''[[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships]]'' entry give 9 November, while Scheina gives 10 November.<ref name=Poder/><ref name=Scheina39/><ref name=IsraelDANFS/>|group=upper-alpha}} escorted by the American destroyer {{USS|Israel|DD-98|2}},<ref name=Poder/><ref name=IsraelDANFS/> but the fighting ceased on the 11th when the [[Armistice with Germany]] was signed.<ref name=Scheina39/> Sometime in early 1919, ''Bahia'', accompanied by four destroyers, voyaged to [[Portsmouth]], England; they then traveled across the [[English Channel]] to [[Cherbourg]], arriving there on 15 February.<ref name="NYT 1919">"[https://www.nytimes.com/1919/02/16/archives/brazilian-warships-at-cherbourg.html Brazilian Warships at Cherbourg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728003604/https://www.nytimes.com/1919/02/16/archives/brazilian-warships-at-cherbourg.html |date=28 July 2018 }}," ''[[The New York Times]]'', 16 February 1919, 23.</ref> The commander of the squadron, Admiral [[Pedro Max Fernando Frontin]], met with the [[Maritime Prefect]] prior to the commencement of "social events"; these lasted until 23 February, when the ships moved to [[Toulon]] and Frontin journeyed overland to Paris.<ref name="NYT 1919"/> The DNOG was dissolved on 25 August 1919.<ref name=BrazilNavy/>

==Modernization and inter-war years==
[[File:Brazilian cruiser Bahia 4.jpg|thumb|right|280px|''Bahia'' sometime after its major modernization; the addition of a funnel was a striking change to the ship's appearance|alt=A ship with a tall mast and low superstructure apparently at rest]]
In 1925–26,<ref name=Conways/><ref name=Poder/>{{refn|The official history of the ship gives a 1924–1927 range,<ref name=BrazilNavy/> while Scheina in ''Conway's'', the ''Navios de Guerra Brasileiros'', and Whitley give 1925–1926.<ref name=Conways/><ref name=Poder/><ref name=Whitley22>Whitley, ''Cruisers of World War II'', 22.</ref> Additional collaborating evidence for the latter date can be found in a June 1926 ''[[Ludington Daily News]]'' article which reported that ''Bahia'' was going to visit the United States—implying that the ship had been placed back into service.<ref name=Ludington/>|group=upper-alpha}} ''Bahia'' underwent significant modernization.<ref name=BrazilNavy/> The original five turbines were replaced by three [[John Brown & Company|Brown–Curtis]] turbines, while the original ten boilers were replaced by six [[Water-tube boiler#Thornycroft|Thornycroft]] oil-burning boilers, which necessitated the addition of a third funnel. The former coal bunkers, along with some of the space freed up by the decrease in boilers, were converted to hold {{convert|588120|L|USgal}} of oil.<ref name=BrazilNavy/> These modifications resulted in ''Bahia''{{'}}s top speed increasing to {{convert|28|kn|km/h}}.<ref name=Conways/> All of the boats on board were replaced, and three [[Madsen 20 mm anti-aircraft cannon|{{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} Madsen guns]], a {{convert|7|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[Hotchkiss M1922 machine gun|Hotchkiss]] machine gun, and four {{convert|533|mm|in|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes were added to give the ship a defense against aircraft and more power against surface ships, respectively.<ref name=BrazilNavy/> Still, in 1930 ''The New York Times'' labeled ''Bahia'' and the other warships in Brazil's navy as "obsolete" and noted that nearly all were "older than the ages considered effective by powers signatory to the [[Washington Naval Treaty|Washington]] and [[London Naval Treaty|London Naval Treaties]]."<ref>"Brazil Navy Composed of 28 Obsolete Ships," ''The New York Times'', 7 October 1930, 3.</ref>

On 28 June 1926, the ''[[Ludington Daily News]]'' reported that ''Bahia'' would pay a visit to [[Philadelphia]], accepting an invitation from the United States government to participate in the [[Sesquicentennial Exposition|sesquicentennial celebrations]].<ref name=Ludington>"Brazilian cruiser Will Pay Visit," ''Ludington Daily News'', 28 June 1926, 5.</ref>{{refn|There appears to have been no follow-up article on what occurred after ''Bahia'' arrived.|group=upper-alpha}} In mid-1930, ''Bahia'' and ''Rio Grande do Sul''—under the command of [[Heráclito Belford Gomes]]—escorted Brazil's President-elect [[Júlio Prestes]] to the United States.<ref name="Senor Prestes">"Program for Visit of Senor Prestes," ''The New York Times'', 8 June 1930, 13.</ref> Traveling on board the [[Brazilian-Lloyd]] [[ocean liner]] {{ship|SS|Almirante Jacequay||2}}, Prestes was returning American then-President-elect [[Herbert Hoover]]'s visit to Brazil in December 1928.<ref name="Senor Prestes"/><ref name="City hails">"City Hails Prestes for Nation Today," ''The New York Times'', 11 June 1930, 16.</ref> The cruisers {{USS|Trenton|CL-11|6}} and {{USS|Marblehead|CL-12|2}} met the three ships about {{convert|100|mi|km}} off [[Sandy Hook, New Jersey|Sandy Hook]] and honored Prestes with a [[21-gun salute]].<ref>"Cruisers meet Prestes's Ship," ''The New York Times'', 11 June 1930, 16.</ref><ref name="Prestes acclaimed">"Prestes Acclaimed by City and Nation," ''The New York Times'', 12 June 1930, 21.</ref> After spending five hours in the [[Ambrose Channel]] due to fog, Prestes traveled on a launch to a pier, during which ''Bahia'' rendered one 21-gun salute and [[Fort Jay]] offered two.<ref name="Prestes acclaimed"/> After arriving ashore, he traveled to [[New York City Hall|City Hall]] before speeding down to Washington, D.C.<ref name="Prestes acclaimed"/> He stayed in the United States for eight days before departing for France on the [[White Star Line]]'s {{RMS|Olympic||2}}.<ref>"President-elect of Brazil at Sea," ''[[Pittsburgh Press]]'', 21 June 1930, 2.</ref> ''Bahia'' and ''Rio Grande do Sul'' were berthed at the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]] for the visit.<ref name="Prestes acclaimed"/>

During the [[Brazilian Revolution of 1930]], ''Bahia'' served with ''Rio Grande do Sul''—until that ship defected—and five or six destroyers off the coast of [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]; they were once again commanded by Belford Gomes.<ref name=BrazilNavy/><ref name="Sarasota Herald">"Cavalry Put in Action as Battle Begins," ''Sarasota Herald'', 10 October 1930, 2.</ref>{{refn|''Rio Grande do Sul'' defected at an unknown date,<ref name="Sarasota Herald"/> and ''Bahia'' may have as well; on 6 October, a rebel general claimed that both ships had defected.<ref>"80,000 Rebels Move on Rio and Sao Paulo From the South," ''The New York Times'', 7 October 1930, 1.</ref>|group=upper-alpha}} Two years later, when the state of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] rebelled in the [[Constitutionalist Revolution]], ''Bahia''—under the command of [[Frigate Captain]] [[Lucas Alexandre Boiteux]]—and other vessels blockaded the rebel-held [[port of Santos]].<ref name=BrazilNavy/><ref name=Poder/> ''Bahia'' was under repair from 1934 into 1935.<ref name=Poder/> In November 1935, ''Bahia'' and ''Rio Grande do Sul'' sailed to [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]], the capital of [[Rio Grande do Norte]], to lend support against another rebellion.<ref>"Brazil Revolt Takes 40 Lives; Federal Gain," ''[[Miami Daily News]]'', 26 November 1935, 13.</ref><ref>"Rebels Seize Brazil Towns," ''Pittsburgh Press'', 25 November 1935, 17.</ref> As part of their mission, they were ordered to sink the steamship ''Santos'' on sight, as several escaping leaders of the revolution were on board.<ref>"[http://idnc.library.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/illinois?a=d&d=TUC19351127.2.10&dliv=none&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- Loyal Troops, Rebels Fight as Uprising in Brazil hits Capital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105850/http://idnc.library.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/illinois?a=d&d=TUC19351127.2.10&dliv=none&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- |date=4 March 2016 }}," ''[[Urbana Daily Courier]]'', 27 November 1935, 1.</ref>

From 17 to 22 May 1935,<ref name="Sails for Argentina">"Brazil's President Sails for Argentina; Vargas, Returning Visit of Justo, Escorted by Fleet Bound of Winter Manoeuvres," ''The New York Times'', 18 May 1935, 4.</ref><ref name="Greets">"Argentina Greets Brazil's President; Hails Vargas With Elaborate Ceremonies as He Arrives to Promote Trade Relations," ''The New York Times'', 23 May 1935, 14.</ref> ''Bahia'' and ''Rio Grande do Sul''—joined at an unknown point by the Argentine battleships {{ship|ARA|Rivadavia||2}} and {{ship|ARA|Moreno||2}}, the [[heavy cruiser]]s {{ship|ARA|Almirante Brown|C-1|2}} and {{ship|ARA|Veinticinco de Mayo|C-2|2}}, and five destroyers<ref name="Greets"/>—escorted {{ship|Brazilian battleship|São Paulo||2}}, with Brazilian President [[Getúlio Vargas]] [[wikt:embark|embarked]], up the {{lang|pt|Río de la Plata}} ([[Río de la Plata|River Plate]]) to [[Buenos Aires]], the capital of Argentina.<ref name=Poder/><ref name="Sails for Argentina"/><ref name="Greets"/><ref name="Pigeons!">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20081228050049/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883398,00.html Argentina: Lobsters, Pigeons, Parades]," [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']], 3 June 1935.</ref> Vargas was returning visits from the presidents of Argentina and Uruguay, [[Agustín Pedro Justo]] and [[Gabriel Terra]].<ref name=Poder/><ref name="Sails for Argentina"/> Vargas and Justo planned to be present at the opening session of the [[Pan-American Commercial Conference]] on 26 May,<ref name="Sails for Argentina"/> and open a [[Chaco War]] [[peace conference]],<ref name="Sails for Argentina"/><ref name="Pigeons!"/> before ''São Paulo'' conveyed Vargas to [[Montevideo]], Uruguay for meetings with Terra.<ref name="Pigeons!"/>

On 2 March 1936, ''Bahia'' escorted ''Veinticinco de Mayo'', which had the Argentine Navy Minister Rear Admiral [[Eleazar Videla]] embarked, and ''Almirante Brown'' in the last part of their journey to [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>"Argentine Navy Head is Received in Brazil; Visit of Admiral Videla Viewed as Evidence of Growing American Ties," ''The New York Times'', 3 March 1936, 14.</ref>

==Second World War==
After Brazil's entrance into the Second World War on 21 August 1942, which took effect on 31 August,<ref name=Scheina164>Scheina, ''Latin America{{'}}s Wars'', 164.</ref> ''Bahia'' was used extensively during the [[Battle of the Atlantic|Atlantic campaign]] for escorts and patrols; sources conflict as to the actual number—either 67 and 15<ref name=BrazilNavy/> or 62 and 11.<ref name=Whitley22/> In total, it traveled {{convert|101971|nmi|km mi|abbr=on}} in 358 days, and played a role in shepherding over 700&nbsp;merchant ships.<ref name=BrazilNavy/> It and ''Rio Grande do Sul'' were labeled by the [[United States Naval Institute]]'s magazine [[Proceedings (magazine)|''Proceedings'']] as being "oversized destroyers" that were "relatively slow".<ref>"Brazil," [[Proceedings (magazine)|''Proceedings'']] '''65''' (June 1939): 436; 901–902; quoted in Scheina, ''Latin America's Wars'', 164.</ref>

''Bahia'' was modernized again twice during the war, in both 1942 and 1944; these modernizations were not as extensive as those of the 1920s. Two of its [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss|{{convert|47|mm|in|abbr=on}}]] guns were replaced with {{convert|76|mm|in|abbr=on}} L/23 AA guns, its Madsen guns were replaced with seven [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|Oerlikon 20&nbsp;mm cannons]] in single mounts, and a [[fire-control system|director]] for these guns was installed.<ref name=BrazilNavy/> Two depth charge tracks were added, improved range-finders were added to the {{convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on}} guns, and sonar and radar were fitted, in addition to other minor modifications.<ref name=BrazilNavy/><ref group=upper-alpha>Regarding the installation of sonar, it is not clear whether it was fitted for the first time in 1942 (and used in the 10 July depth charging) or whether a more modern sonar replaced an outmoded version in either 1942 or 1944.</ref> The Brazilian Navy's official history of the ship reports these modifications, but does not specify which were undertaken in which year.<ref name=BrazilNavy/>

On 3 June 1943, while ''Bahia'' was escorting the convoy BT 12, it located an [[naval mine|underwater mine]] and destroyed it using a {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} Madsen gun.<ref name=BrazilNavy/> On 10 July, while at {{Coord|26|15|S|43|35|W}}, ''Bahia'' received a [[sonar]] contact and [[depth charge|depth-charged]] what the Brazilian Navy's official history of the ship reports might have been the German submarine {{GS|U-199||2}}, which was sunk later that month in the same area (off Rio de Janeiro) by American and Brazilian aircraft.<ref name=BrazilNavy/><ref>[https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/barnegat-ii.html "''Barnegat''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503054801/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/barnegat-ii.html |date=3 May 2017 }}, ''Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships'', Naval History & Heritage Command/Navy Department.</ref> In November 1944, ''Bahia'' joined the American [[light cruiser]] {{USS|Omaha|CL-4|2}} and [[destroyer escort]] {{USS|Gustafson|DE-182|2}} in escorting the [[troopship]] ''{{USS|General M. C. Meigs|AP-116|2}}'', which was carrying the 4th transportation of the [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force]]'s troops heading [[Italian campaign (World War II)|to Italy]].<ref name=BrazilNavy/>

===Loss===
[[File:Brazilian cruiser Bahia 1b.JPG|260px|thumb|right|A profile of ''Bahia'' at some point after its 1920s modernization; note the men congregated on the foredeck|alt=A warship at sea under a bright sky, possibly underway]]
[[File:036731 – Cruzador Bahia lançando uma bomba de profundidade. Foto tirada de bordo da Corveta Carioca (26171335744).jpg|thumb|right|''Bahia'' dropping depth charges, presumably during a naval exercise; an accident with one such charge led to the ship's sinking|alt=An underwater explosion sends water flying through the air shortly behind a speeding warship]]
Allied warships were assigned to patrol in the Atlantic as rescue ships at the end of hostilities in the European theater, stationed near routes frequented by military transport aircraft carrying personnel from Europe to the continuing war in the Pacific.<ref name=Poder/><ref name=Scheina169>Scheina, ''Latin America's Wars'', 169.</ref> ''Bahia'' was one such ship,<ref name=Scheina169/> stationed northeast of Brazil around {{Coord|0|N|30|W}} near the [[Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago]] on 4 July 1945.<ref name=BrazilNavy/><ref name=Scheina427/><ref name=Poder/> Crewmen were conducting anti-aircraft target practice, firing the ship's 20&nbsp;mm guns at a kite that was being towed behind the ship. One of them shot it down, but also accidentally hit the depth charges on the stern; the ship lacked guide rails that would normally prevent the guns from being aimed at the ship.<ref name=Scheina427>Scheina, ''Latin America{{'}}s Wars'', 427.</ref><ref name=Poder/> The resulting explosion knocked out all power on the ship and sank it in about three minutes.<ref name=Conways/><ref name=Scheina427/><ref name=TimeBrazil>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20090915180457/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,803597,00.html Brazil: Disaster]," ''Time'', 23 July 1945.</ref>

The survivors of the blast endured four or five days of no food, high temperatures, and full exposure to the sun on their makeshift rafts.<ref name=TimeBrazil/><ref name=NYTSufferings>"Rescued Brazilians Tell of Sufferings," ''The New York Times'', 12 July 1945, 22.</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported that some were driven mad by these conditions and simply jumped into the water, where they were devoured by sharks.<ref name=NYTSufferings/> From this point on, sources vary greatly. According to an article in ''Time'' magazine, ''Bahia''{{'s}} loss was not discovered until 8 July, when 22 survivors were picked up by the freighter ''Balfe''.<ref name=TimeBrazil/><ref>R.B. Haworth, "1143604 [''Balfe'']" (subscription required), ''Miramar Ship Index''. Retrieved 19 October 2009.</ref>{{refn|The magazine also reports that additional survivors were rescued over the next few days, but does not give a definitive figure. The ''Navios de Guerra Brasileiros'', however, states that a total of 36 survivors were rescued by ''Balfe'' on the 8th.<ref name=Poder/><ref name=TimeBrazil/>|group=upper-alpha}} Naval historian Robert Scheina contends that the disaster was revealed when ''Rio Grande do Sul'' arrived on station four days after the sinking to take ''Bahia''{{'s}} place and could not find it.<ref name=Scheina427/>

Sources also disagree on the number rescued and final death toll. The official history of the ship gives 36 rescued and 336 dead,<ref name=BrazilNavy/> and the ''Navios de Guerra Brasileiros'' gives 36 and 339.<ref name=Poder/>{{refn|These figures contradict other information present in the article. ''Navios'' first says that 339 died of 372 total crewmembers, meaning that 33 survived, but the subsequent sentence states directly that 36 survived.<ref name=Poder/>|group=upper-alpha}} Contemporaneous news articles also published varying numbers; ''The Evening Independent'' stated that the ship carried 383 men, though it did not give any more information.<ref>"Brazilian Cruiser Lost in Explosion," ''Evening Independent'', 9 July 1945, 2.</ref> ''The New York Times'' gave figures of 28 saved and 347 lost,<ref name=NYTSufferings/> while the ''St. Petersburg Times'' gave 32 and 395.<ref>"Brazilian Cruiser Sinks in Atlantic," ''St. Petersburg Times'', 10 July 1945, 3.</ref> Sources do agree that four American sound technicians were killed.<ref name=BrazilNavy/><ref name=Poder/><ref name=NYTAccident>"Brazil Cruiser Sinking Accident," ''The New York Times'', 31 October 1945, 10.</ref>

Rescued crewmen believed that they had hit a mine which detonated one of the ship's magazines.<ref name=TimeBrazil/> Vice Admiral Jorge Dodsworth Martins, Brazil's chief of naval intelligence, thought that ''Bahia'' could have been mined or torpedoed by {{GS|U-530||2}},<ref name=NYTSufferings/><ref name=TimeArgentina>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20091007135833/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,803598,00.html Argentina: U-530]," ''Time'', 23 July 1945.</ref> which surrendered under strange circumstances in [[Mar del Plata]], Argentina on 10 July (some two months after Germany's surrender), but the Argentine Naval Ministry stated that it would have been impossible for the submarine to travel from the site of the sinking to Mar del Plata in six days (4–10 July).<ref name=TimeArgentina/>{{refn|Rumors persist today that either ''U-530'' or {{GS|U-977||2}} sank ''Bahia''.<ref>Hernan Etchaleco, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090305221211/http://english.pravda.ru/main/2003/02/27/43768_.html Uebersee Sued: The Ultimate Truth about Nazis Fled to South America]," ''Pravda'', 27 February 2003.</ref>|group=upper-alpha}} {{GS|U-977||2}} was also heading to Argentina seeking asylum, and it was also accused of sinking ''Bahia'', but military investigations by the US and Brazilian navies concluded that the cruiser had been sunk due to the gunnery accident.<ref>Rohwer, 2005. p. 423</ref><ref name=NYTAccident/><ref>"Brazilian Cruiser Sunk Explosion Killed 300," ''Toronto Daily Star'', 30 October 1945, 10.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Brazil}}
* {{USS|Indianapolis|CA-35}}, a U.S. heavy cruiser, also sunk in July 1945, whose survivors endured circumstances similar to ''Bahia''{{'}}s.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|last=Brook|first=Peter|title=Warships for Export: Armstrong Warships 1867–1927|publisher=World Ship Society|location=Gravesend, Kent, UK|year=1999|isbn=0-905617-89-4}}
* Moore, John, ed. ''Jane{{'}}s Fighting Ships of World War I''. London: Random House [Jane's Publishing Company], 2001 [1919]. {{ISBN|1-85170-378-0}}. {{OCLC|48257502}}.
* Rohwer, Jürgen. ''Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two.'' Naval Institute Press, 2005. p.&nbsp;423
* Scheina, Robert L. "Brazil" in Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. ''Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921''. [[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]]: [[Naval Institute Press]], 1985. {{ISBN|0-87021-907-3}}. {{OCLC|12119866}}.
* Scheina, Robert L. ''Latin America{{'}}s Wars: Volume&nbsp;II, The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001''. Washington D.C.: Brassey's, 2003. {{ISBN|1-57488-452-2}}. {{OCLC|53078537}}.
* Smallman, Shawn C. ''Fear & Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society, 1889–1954''. Chapel Hill: [[University of North Carolina Press]], 2002. {{ISBN|0-8078-5359-3}}. {{OCLC|250188940}}.
* Whitley, M.J. ''Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia''. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1995. {{ISBN|1-55750-141-6}}. {{OCLC|34089382}}.

{{Bahia class cruisers}}
{{July 1945 shipwrecks}}

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