Brun's theorem
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bruns-constant.svg/230px-Bruns-constant.svg.png)
In mathematics, Brun's theorem is a result in number theory proved by Viggo Brun in 1919. It states that the sum of the reciprocals of the twin primes (pairs of prime numbers which differ by 2) is convergent with a finite value known as Brun's constant, usually denoted by B2 (sequence A065421 in the OEIS). It has historical importance in the introduction of sieve methods.
Let denote the number of primes p ≤ x for which p + 2 is also prime (i.e. is the number of twin primes with the smaller at most x). Then, for x ≥ 3, we have
for some positive constant c.
This result shows that the sum of the reciprocals of the twin primes converges; in other words the p involved are a small set. In explicit terms the sum
either has finitely many terms or has infinitely many terms but is convergent: its value is known as Brun's constant. Unlike the case for all prime numbers, we cannot conclude from this result that there is an infinite number of twin primes.
Brun's constant
By calculating the twin primes up to 1014 (and discovering the Pentium FDIV bug along the way), Thomas R. Nicely heuristically estimated Brun's constant to be 1.902160578.[1] Nicely has extended his computation to 1.6×1015 as of 18 January 2010 but this is not the largest computation of its type.
In 2002 Pascal Sebah and Patrick Demichel used all twin primes up to 1016 to give the estimate:
- B2 ≈ 1.902160583104.
It is based on extrapolation from the sum 1.830484424658... for the twin primes below 1016. Richard Crandall and Carl Pomerance reported that it is known rigorously that 1.83 < B2 < 2.347.[2] Dominic Klyve showed conditionally that B2 < 2.1754 (assuming the extended Riemann hypothesis).[3]
The digits of Brun's constant was used in a bid of $1,902,160,540 in the Nortel patent auction. The bid was posted by Google and was one of three Google bids based on mathematical constants.[4]
There is also a Brun's constant for prime quadruplets. A prime quadruplet is a pair of two twin prime pairs, separated by a distance of 4 (the smallest possible distance). The first prime quadruplets are (5, 7, 11, 13), (11, 13, 17, 19), (101, 103, 107, 109). Brun's constant for prime quadruplets, denoted by B4, is the sum of the reciprocals of all prime quadruplets:
with value:
- B4 = 0.87058 83800 ± 0.00000 00005, the error range having a 99% confidence level according to Nicely.[5]
This constant should not be confused with the Brun's constant for cousin primes, prime pairs of the form (p, p + 4), which is also written as B4. Wolf derived an estimate for the Brun-type sums Bn of 4/n.
Further results
Let (sequence A005597 in the OEIS). Then it is conjectured that
In particular,
for every and all sufficiently large x.
Many special cases of the above have been proved. Most recently, Jie Wu proved that for sufficiently large x,
where 4.5 corresponds to in the above.
See also
References
- ^ Nicely, Thomas R. (18 January 2010). "Enumeration to 1.6*10^15 of the twin primes and Brun's constant". Some Results of Computational Research in Prime Numbers (Computational Number Theory). Retrieved 16 February 2010.
- ^ Crandall, Richard; Pomerance, Carl (2005). Prime Numbers: A Computational Perspective. Springer. ISBN 0387252827.
- ^ Klyve, Dominic. "Explicit bounds on twin primes and Brun's Constant". Retrieved 31 December 2010.
- ^ Damouni, Nadia (1 July 2011). "Dealtalk: Google bid "pi" for Nortel patents and lost". Reuters. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
- ^ Nicely, Thomas R. (26 August 2008). "Enumeration to 1.6 × 1015 of the prime quadruplets". Some Results of Computational Research in Prime Numbers (Computational Number Theory). Retrieved 9 March 2009.
- Viggo Brun (1915). "Über das Goldbachsche Gesetz und die Anzahl der Primzahlpaare". Archiv for Math. Og Naturvid. B34 (8).
- Template:Fr Viggo Brun (1919). "La série 1/5+1/7+1/11+1/13+1/17+1/19+1/29+1/31+1/41+1/43+1/59+1/61+..., où les dénominateurs sont nombres premiers jumeaux est convergente ou finie". Bulletin des sciences mathématiques. 43: 100–104, 124–128.
- Alina Carmen Cojocaru (2005). An introduction to sieve methods and their applications. London Mathematical Society Student Texts. Vol. 66. Cambridge University Press. pp. 73–74. ISBN 0-521-61275-6.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - E. Landau (1927). Elementare Zahlentheorie. Leipzig, Germany: Hirzel. Reprinted Providence, RI: Amer. Math. Soc., 1990.
- William Judson LeVeque (1996). Fundamentals of Number Theory. New York: Dover. pp. 1–288. ISBN 0486689069. Contains a more modern proof.
- J. Wu (2004). "Chen's double sieve, Goldbach's conjecture and the twin prime problem". Acta Arithmetica. 114 (3): pp. 215–273. arXiv:0709.3764. doi:10.4064/aa114-3-2.
{{cite journal}}
:|pages=
has extra text (help)
External links
- Weisstein, Eric W. "Brun's Theorem". MathWorld.
- Brun's constant at PlanetMath.
- Sebah, Pascal and Xavier Gourdon, Introduction to twin primes and Brun's constant computation, 2002. A modern detailed examination.
- Wolf's article on Brun-type sums