Buff-throated woodcreeper
| Buff-throated woodcreeper | |
|---|---|
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| X. guttatus in Mato Grosso. | |
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| Species: | X. guttatus
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| Binomial name | |
| Xiphorhynchus guttatus (Lichtenstein, 1820)
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| Subspecies | |
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see text | |
| Synonyms | |
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Dendrocolaptes guttatus | |
The buff-throated woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus guttatus) is a resident passerine bird found in tropical South America in the Guiana Shield and disjunctly in the northern Atlantic Forest. It formerly included the cocoa woodcreeper and the Lafresnaye's woodcreeper as subspecies. Some authorities retain Lafresnaye's position as a subspecies of the buff-throated woodcreeper, but the resulting group is polyphyletic (see Systematics and evolution).
Description
With a total length of 27–28 cm (10.5–11 in), and a weight of c. 64 g, this woodcreeper is, together with Lafresnaye's woodcreeper, the largest member of the genus Xiphorhynchus. The head, neck, mantle and chest are streaked buff, and the rest of the upperparts, wings and tail are rufous. The underparts are olive-brown. The bill is long, slightly decurved, and hooked at the tip. The upper mandible is dark grey, while the lower mainly is pale greyish-horn. The normal call is a loud chev-re chev-re.
Ecology
Buff-throated woodcreepers are restricted to humid forest and woodland. The taxa in north-eastern South America (polystictus and connectens) are generally the commonest large woodcreeper within their range, but the nominate taxon (X. g. guttatus), which is restricted to humid tropical Atlantic forest, has a fragmented population and is generally uncommon. They are insectivores which feed on ants and other insects and spiders. It feeds low in trees, usually alone, but groups will follow columns of army ants. The species builds a bark-lined nest in a tree hole or hollow stump and lays two white eggs.
Systematics and evolution
The taxonomy is highly complex. The smaller cocoa woodcreeper (X. susurrans) from Central America and northwestern South America was formerly included in this species, but is now normally considered to be distinct.[2] Of the remaining taxa, the pale-billed and buff-streaked guttatoides group (incl. dorbignyanus) and the dark-billed and whitish-streaked eytoni group (incl. vicinalis and gracilirostris) have often been considered separate species, as the Lafresnaye's woodcreeper (X. guttatoides) and the dusky-billed woodcreeper (X. eytoni). While visually very different, these two groups are now known to form a single clade[3][4] (combined under a "broad" Lafresnaye's woodcreeper, X. guttatoides) separate from the nominate group (guttatus, polystictus and connectens) of X. guttatus, which instead is closer to X. susurrans. Biogeography and molecular data suggest that the relationship between these subspecies and the taxa now included in X. guttatoides and X. susurrans deserves further study.[3][4][5] Depending of the outcome of these studies, the buff-throated woodcreeper could be restricted to the southern coastal population, which is endangered by habitat fragmentation, making a change in conservation status necessary.
The most likely evolutionary scenario is that from lower Amazonia, the ancestors of Lafresnaye's woodcreeper spread west- and southwestwards to the Andes, and those of the buff-throated and cocoa woodcreeper downriver and then along the coast of northern South America, where X. susurrans then branched off as the northern lineage. Indeed, it may be that the trans-Andean forms of the latter may constitute yet another good species, Lawrence's woodcreeper.
Subspecies
- X. g. guttatus (Lichtenstein, 1820). Coastal areas of Paraíba to Espírito Santo-Rio de Janeiro border.
- X. g. polystictus (Salvin & Goodman, 1883). Orinoco drainage from E Vichada Department northeastwards, via E Venezuela to the Guyanas.
- X. g. connectens Todd, 1948. N bank of lower Amazonas from E of Manaus to Amapá. Doubtfully distinct from polystictus.
References
- ^ Template:IUCN
- ^ AOU (American Ornithologists' Union) (1998): Checklist of North American Birds (7th edition). American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
- ^ a b Aleixo, Alexandre (2002): Molecular systematics, phylogeography, and population genetics of Xiphorhynchus (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae) in the Amazon basin. Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA. PDF fulltext
- ^ a b Aleixo, Alexandre (2002b): Molecular Systematics and the Role of the "Várzea"-"Terra-Firme" Ecotone in the Diversification of Xiphorhynchus Woodcreepers (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae). Auk 119(3): 621-640. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0621:MSATRO]2.0.CO;2 HTML abstract
- ^ Remsen, J. Van (2003): 32. Buff-throated Woodcreeper. In: del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (editors): Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 6: Broadbills to Tapaculos: 429-430, plate 35. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-50-4
- Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5