Capitolias
Καπιτωλιας | |
 Capitolias, 2004 | |
  Shown within Jordan | |
| Location | Irbid Governorate, Jordan |
|---|---|
| Region | Middle East |
| Type | Settlement |
| History | |
| Founded | 97/98 CE |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | In ruins |
Capitolias (Greek: Καπιτωλιας) was an ancient city east of the Jordan River, and is identified with the modern village of Beit Ras in the Irbid Governorate in northern Jordan.[1][2][3]
The Peutinger Table placed it between Gadara and Adraha (Daraa), 16 miles from each, and the Antonine Itinerary put it at 36 miles from Neve.[3][4]
The Arabic name, Beit Ras, preserves the Aramaic name, Bet Reisha, mentioned in the 6th-century Talmud.[1][3][4]
Unfortunately, not very many ruins are left behind of the city of Capitolias. However, the main archaeological site remaining is a theatre structure.
History
The town is one of the ten cities of the Decapolis listed by Pliny the Elder.[5] There are many primary sources, including Pliny the Elder that list different variations of the cities of the Decapolis.
Capitolias was founded as a planned Roman city, perhaps for military purposes,[4] under Nerva or Trajan in 97 or 98 CE. This date comes from the coins that were minted within the city.[6] Inscriptions show that local citizens served in the Roman army.[3] It was surrounded by a wall built in the 2nd century and had an area of 12.5 hectares according to one source, 20 acres according to another.[3][4]
The city was named after Jupiter Capitolinus. Evidence shows that the site was extensively settled and grew in importance during the Roman and Byzantine eras. Capitolias also had some importance in the early Islamic (Umayyad) period.[1]
In the rearrangement associated with the creation of the Roman province of Arabia in 106, Capitolias became part of the province of Palaestina Secunda, whose capital was Scythopolis.[1][6] It is mentioned by many geographers, including Hierocles and George of Cyprus in the 6th and 7th centuries.[6]
Archaeology
The city wall, with three north-facing gates,[4] can still be traced on the surface[3] Other remains include a temple of the Capitoline Triad, a three-tiered marketplace, a colonnaded street, a 5th-century church that was converted into a mosque in the 8th century, an aqueduct, reservoirs, a Roman military cemetery, and paved roads.[3][4] Although these remains were all excavated, many are quite minimal. The most prominent remains is that of the Roman style theatre.
Although Capitolias was first excavated in the 1960s, systematic archaeological work began in the early 1980s and has continued.[4][7][8]
It seems the citizens of Capitolias wanted to appear very Greek. Tombstones of one family were discovered, and dated to the 2nd century CE. Not only had the deceased adopted Latin names, but the tomb also had a very Greek style scene painted on it. The painting was a scene from the Trojan War with Achilles dragging the body of Hector.[1]
Ample amounts of glass fragments have been discovered at the cite. These fragments were dated to 3rd-5th century CE. Further research has shown that large, primary chunks of glass were produced in the Levantine coastal area and brought to Capitolias for secondary production. So it seems that during the late Roman/early Byzantine eras, Capitolias was a main center for secondary glass production in Jordan.[9]
Further excavation of Capitolias is somewhat difficult because of the modern village, Beit Ras. Researchers want to respectfully work with the locals to further their findings of Capitolias.[7]
Bishopric
Bishops of Capitolias are mentioned in extant documents:[10][11]
- Antiochus was at the First Council of Nicaea in 325
- Anianus/Ananias took part in the Council of Chalcedon in 451
- Bassus is mentioned in 518
- Two bishops named Theodosius are mentioned, one in 536, the other in 600
A Peter who was martyred under Muslim rule is given by Lequien[10] and Gams[11] as a bishop of Capitolias, but other sources describe him as a priest, not a bishop.[6][12][13]
In the 12th century the see was an independent archbishopric, as appears from a "Notitia Episcopatuum" of that time.[14] No longer a residential bishopric, Capitolias is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[15]
References
- ^ a b c d e C.J. Lenzen, E.A. Knauf, "Capitolias: A Preliminary Evaluation of the Archaeological and Textual Evidence" in Syria, Year 1987, Issue 64–1–2, pp. 21–46
- ^ "Beit Ras/Capitolias: A Preliminary Evaluation of the Archaeological and Textual Evidence": 21–46. JSTOR 4198595. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) (same text, not free) - ^ a b c d e f g The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites: "Capitolias (Beit Ras) Jordan"
- ^ a b c d e f g Jewish Virtual Library: "Capitolias"
- ^ Pliny's Natural History 5.16.74
- ^ a b c d Siméon Vailhé, "Capitolias" in The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 3 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908)
- ^ a b "Beit Ras Excavations: 1988 and 1989": 474–476. JSTOR 4198840. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ http://www.romanhideout.com/news/2003/jordantimes2003013.asp
- ^ Abd-Allah, Ramadan (1 August 2010). "Chemical characterisation and manufacturing technology of late Roman to early Byzantine glass from Beit Ras/Capitolias, Northern Jordan". Journal of Archaeological Science. 37 (8): 1866–1874. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.02.004.
- ^ a b Lequien III, 715
- ^ a b Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 454
- ^ David Richard Thomas et al. (editors), Christian-Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History (600-900) (BRILL 2009 ISBN 978-90-0416975-3), pp. 419–422
- ^ Hugh N. Kennedy, The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East (Ashgate Publishing 2006 ISBN 978-0-75465909-9), p. 333
- ^ H. Gelzer, in Byzantin. Zeithschrift, I, 253, cited by Siméon Vailhé in Catholic Encyclopedia
- ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 857