Castellan
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A castellan was the governor or captain of a castellany and its castle.[1] The word stems from the Latin Castellanus,[2] derived from castellum "castle". Sometimes also known as a constable, governor of the castle district or captain, the Constable of the Tower of London is, in fact, a form of castellan. A castellan was almost always male, but could occasionally be female, as when, in 1194, Beatrice inherited her father's castellany of Bourbourg upon the death of her brother, Roger.[3]
Initial power
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, many tribes migrated into western Europe, causing strife and war. The answer to recurrent invasion was to create fortified areas which evolved into castles. Some leaders gained control of several areas, each with a castle. The problem lay in exerting proper control and authority in each area when a leader could only be in one place at a time. To answer this, lords gave their trusted vassals direct control of a castle, reporting to the lord only.[4] In the ninth century, as fortifications improved and kings had difficulty making their subordinates pay their taxes or send the military aid the kings demanded, the castellans grew in power, holding their fief without much concern for their overlord's demands.[5] This changed as kings grew in power and as the Holy Roman emperors replaced recalcitrant vassals with ministerials.
Duties
Usually the duties of a castellan were combined with the duties of a majordomo. This made the castellan responsible for a castle's domestic staff and its garrison, as well as a military administrator responsible for maintaining defenses and protecting the castle's lands. This was particularly the case if there was no lord resident at the castle, or if the resident lord was frequently absent.[6] A castellan may exercise the power of the "ban" - that is, to hear court cases and collect the fines, collect taxes from residents, and muster local men for the defense[7] Castellans had both the power of low justice and high justice, which allowed them to implement up to and including the death penalty, as when, in 1111, the Salzburg castellan caught the ministerial who fomented armed rebellion, he had the offender blinded, as one would a serf.[8] At times, the castellan served as the representative of the people of his castellany, as did the castellan of Bruges, when the burghers stood up for more privileges and liberties from the counts of Flanders.[9]
Castellans and Jews
One unusual responsibility in western Europe concerned jurisdiction over the resident Jewish communities near the English Channel. The Constable of the Tower of London and those castellans subordinate to the dukes of Normandy were responsible for their administration. Vivian Lipman posits four reasons for this: the castles provided defense, they were centers of administration, they were potential prisons, and possibly, as the residence of a local magnate, they could be a valuable client.[10]
Regional differences
France
In France, castellans (known in French as châtelains) who governed castles without resident nobles acquired considerable powers, and the position actually became a hereditary fiefdom. By the tenth century, the fragmentation of power became so widespread in Mâcon that the castellany was considered the basic unit of governance, without effective levels above it - the counts of Mâcon were largely ignored by their castellans from about 980 to 1030. In the 12th century châtelains had become lords, they expanded their territories to include taking weaker castellanies under their control, as when then castellan of Beaujeu took over lands in Lyons, or when Uxelles annexed Briançon, then Sennecey-le-Grand and L'Épervieres.[11]
In other areas, the castellans never managed to rise to the lordship and they remained a local officer of an overlord. During the Ancien Régime, castellans were heads of the local royal administration, but their power was delegated to their lieutenants.
All remaining lordships and royal local administration were suppressed during the French Revolution. During the XIXth and XXth centuries, châtelain is used to describe the owner of a castle or manor house, in many cases a figure of authority in his parish, akin the english squire.
Germany
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In Germany the castellan was known as a Burgmann, or sometimes Hauptmann ("captain"), who reported to the lord of the castle, or Burgherr, also often known as the burgrave (Burggraf). The burgmann may have been either a free noble or a ministerialis, but either way administered the castle as a vassal. A ministerialis, being wholly indebted to a lord, was more easily controlled. Ministeriales replaced free nobles as castellans of Hohensalzburg under Conrad I of Abensberg’s tenure as Archbishop of Salzburg from 1106 to 1147, starting with Henry of Seekirchen in the 1130s.[12]
Hungary
In the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary usually was called "várnagy", and in the Latin charts it appeared as "castellanus". The lord of the castle had very similar functions than the German ones. In Hungary first the King, later the most powerful noblemen designed the castellans between their followers for the administration of their castles and the states that belonged to the fortress.[13]
Jerusalem
At times, there was a castellan among the Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, starting with Anselm (castellan, c. 1110).
Malta
- Micallef, Antonio (2012). Lectures on the Statutes of the Sacred Order of St. John of Jerusalem: at the University (of Studies) of Malta 1792. KIT Scientific Publishing. pp. 130–134. ISBN 978-3-86644-402-7.
Poland
In the Kingdom of Poland and later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the castellans (Polish: Kasztelan) were in most cases lower in precedence to the voivodes (with the exception of the Burgrave of Kraków [Polish Burgrabia krakowski] who had precedence before the Voivode of Kraków). Castellans were in charge of a part of a voivodeship called the castellany (Polish Kasztelania) until the 15th-century and from that time on their domain was divided into provinces for greater castellans, and powiats for minor castellans. Castellans in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were of senator rank.
Portugal
In Portugal, a castellan was known as alcaide. Later, the role of alcaide became an honorary title awarded by the King of Portugal to certain nobles. As the honorary holder of the office of alcaide did not often live near its castle, a delegate of him started to be appointed to effectively govern it. An honorary holder of the office became known as alcaide-mor (major alcaide) and its delegate became known as alcaide pequeno (little alcaide) or alcaide-menor (minor alcaide).
Castellany
A castellany, or castellania,[14] is a term denoting a district administered by a castellan. Castellanies appeared during the Middle Ages and in most current states are now replaced by a more modern type of country subdivision. The word is derived from castle and literally means the extent of land and jurisdiction belonging to a given castle.
It also renders equivalent, often cognate, terms in other languages. Examples of French châtelainies include the castellanies of Ivry-la-Bataille, Nonancourt, Pacy, Vernon and Gaillon, all in Normandy, which under in the treaty of Issoudun (1195, after a war with king Richard of England) were acquired for the French crown by Philip Augustus. Examples from Poland include Leczyca and Sieradz (both once a duchy), Legnica (castel there was for a while seat of Princeps of Poland), Spycimierz, Rozprza, Wolbórz and Wojnicz (in Cracow diocese) and Otmuchow in Silesia.
See also
References
- ^ Friar, Stephen (2003). The Sutton Companion to Castles, Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 2003, p. 47. ISBN 978-0-7509-3994-2.
- ^ Pirenne, Henri. "Medieval Cities". Princeton University Press, 1952. p. 73.
- ^ Jordan, Erin L. "Female Founders: Exercising authority in Thirteenth-century Flanders and Hainaut." Church History and Religious Culture, Vol. 88, No. 4, Secular Women in the Documents for Late Medieval Religious Women (2008), pp. 546. Jordan, 559, later says, though, that women holding castellanies may be more prevalent in Flanders and Hainalt than in other parts of Western Europe.
- ^ Karl Bosl, “Ruler and Ruled in the German Empire from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century,” in Lordship and Community in Medieval Europe, ed. Fredric Cheyette, (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 1968): 359=362.
- ^ Fischer, Markus. "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices." International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Spring, 1992), pp. 438-9.
- ^ Pirenne, 73, 151.
- ^ Rosenwein, Barbara. "A Short History of the Middle Ages: Volume II, from c.900 to c.1500" University of Toronto Press, 2009. p. 158.
- ^ Benjamin Arnold (1985). German knighthood, 1050-1300. Clarendon Press. p. 137. (also available to subscribers at University of Michigan (Subscription required.))
- ^ Ross, James Bruce. "Rise and Fall of a Twelfth-century Clan: The Erembalds and the Murder of Count Charles of Flanders, 1127-1128." Speculum, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Jul., 1959), p. 368.
- ^ Lipman, Vivian. "Jews and castles in medieval England: Transactions & Miscellanies" Jewish Historical Society of England, Vol. 28 (1981-1982), pp. 1-2
- ^ Fischer, p. 440-2.
- ^ Freed, John B. "Noble Bondsmen: Ministerial Marriages in the Archdiocese of Salzburg, 1100-1343." Cornell University Press, 1995. pp. 39-40>
- ^ http://www.varturak.hu/magyar/oldalak/varnagyok/
- ^ Enenkel, Arthur (1908) [1856]. A new dictionary of the English and Italian languages, containing the whole vocabulary in general use with copious selections of scientific, technical and commercial terms and others lately brought into use with their pronunciation figured. p. 69.