Caturus

Caturus; Temporal range: Early Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, 200–140 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Fossil specimen of C. furcatus from Germany, Upper Jurassic
	Life restoration
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Clade:	Halecomorphi
Order:	Amiiformes
Family:	†Caturidae
Genus:	†Caturus; Agassiz, 1843
Type species
	†Pachycormus furcatus; Agassiz, 1833
Species
	See text
Synonyms
	†Uraeus Agassiz, 1832;

Caturus (from Greek: κατω kato, 'down' and Greek: οὐρά ourá 'tail')^[1]^[2] is an extinct genus of predatory marine fishes in the family Caturidae in the order Amiiformes, related to modern bowfin. It has been suggested that the genus is non-monophyletic with respect to other caturid genera.^[3]

Fossils of this genus range from 200 to 140 mya (Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous).^[4]^[5]

Taxonomy

Caturus has a confused taxonomic history. The genus was originally described by Louis Agassiz for two fossil fish (U. pachyurus and U. gracilis) that had been previously described in the genus Uraeus, which was found to already be preoccupied by a genus of cobra of the same name (now classified as a subgenus within Naja). However, neither of these species were properly described with an associated illustration or proper description, and they remain nomen dubia; the specimen of U. pachyurus is lost, and the specimen of Caturus gracilis is too poorly-preserved to assign a specific taxon. Later, the species C. furcatus, initially described by Agassiz within Pachycormus, was designated as the type species of the genus by Woodward, but this was incorrect as the type species of a genus must be one of the species originally described for it. These inconsistencies make both Caturus and Pachycormus (which was initially described with Uraeus gracilis as one of its species) taxonomically unstable genera, necessitating a petition to the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature to retain C. furcatus as the type species of Caturus.^[4]

Species

The following species are known:^[4]

†C. agassizi (Egerton, 1858) - Early Jurassic (Hettangian/Sinemurian) of England (Blue Lias)
†C. chirotes (Agassiz, 1839) - Early Jurassic (Hettangian/Sinemurian) of England (Blue Lias) (=Conodus ferox Agassiz, 1844)
†C. dartoni Eastman, 1899 - Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of North Dakota (Sundance Formation)
†C. deani Gregory, 1923 - Oxfordian of Cuba (Jagua Formation)
†C. ferox Winkler, 1862- Late Jurassic (Tithonian) of Germany (Solnhofen Formation)
†C. furcatus (Agassiz, 1833) - Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Germany (Solnhofen Formation)
†C. heterurus (Agassiz, 1839) - Early Jurassic (Hettangian/Sinemurian) of England (Blue Lias) (=C. bucklandi Agassiz, 1844)
†C. latipennis (Agassiz, 1844) - Early Jurassic (Hettangian/Sinemurian) of England (Blue Lias)
†C. latus Münster, 1834 - Late Jurassic (Tithonian) of Germany (Solnhofen Formation) (=C. cyprinoides Wagner, 1863)
†C. macrurus Agassiz, 1833 - Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Germany (Solnhofen Formation)
†C. porteri Rayner, 1948 - Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of England (Oxford Clay)
†C. purbeckensis (Woodward, 1890) - Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) of England (Purbeck Group)
†C. smithwoodwardi White, 1925 - Early Jurassic (Toarcian) of Germany (Posidonia Shale)
†C. tarraconensis Sauvage, 1903 - Early Cretaceous (Berriasian/Valanginian) of Spain (La Pedrera de Rúbies Formation)
†C. tenuidens Woodward, 1895 - Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) of England (Purbeck Group)

A number of species are no longer recognized. The species C. angustus Agassiz, 1844, C. branchiostegus Agassiz, 1834, C. brevicostatus Münster, 1842, C. contractus Wagner, 1863, C. driani Thiollière, 1851, C. elongatus Agassiz, 1834, C. gracilis Wagner, 1863, C. maximus Agassiz, 1834, C. microchirus Agassiz, 1834 and C. pleiodus Agassiz, 1844 are considered nomina dubia, while C. fusiformis Wagner, 1863 is considered a nomen nudum. The species C. stenospondylus Sauvage, 1875, C. stenoura Sauvage, 1875, and C. chaperi Sauvage, 1883 are all considered synonyms of Pachycormus macropterus, while C. cotteaui Sauvage, 1875 is considered a synonym of Euthynotus intermedius. The species C. retrodorsalis Sauvage, 1891 has been reclassified in Pholidophorus. Other species such as C. giganteus (Wagner, 1851) have been reclassified into other genera within the family Caturidae, such as Strobilodus. The species C. brevis Winkler, 1862, C. latidens Woodward, 1918, and C. velifer Thiollière, 1851, are no longer classified in Caturus or even Caturidae, and are yet to be reclassified.^[4]

The species C. insignis from the Triassic of Austria, formerly placed in Caturus, is now placed in the genus Furo. Another potential record from Argentina is now placed as an indeterminate caturoid, possibly in the genus Catutoichthys.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Distribution

When restricted to only definitive species, Caturus is present in the Jurassic of the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States, and Cuba, ranging into the earliest Cretaceous of the United Kingdom and Spain. Indeterminate remains are also known within this range from the Jurassic of France and Portugal.^[2]^[4]

References

^ Roberts, George (1839). An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 27. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
^ ^a ^b "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
^ Gouiric-Cavalli, Soledad (2016-06-09). "A new Late Jurassic halecomorph fish from the marine Vaca Muerta Formation, Argentina, southwestern Gondwana". Fossil Record. 19 (2): 119–129. Bibcode:2016FossR..19..119G. doi:10.5194/fr-19-119-2016. hdl:11336/54624. ISSN 2193-0074.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f López-Arbarello, Adriana; Ebert, Martin (2023). "Taxonomic status of the caturid genera (Halecomorphi, Caturidae) and their Late Jurassic species". Royal Society Open Science. 10 (1). Bibcode:2023RSOS...1021318L. doi:10.1098/rsos.221318. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 9832298. PMID 36686548.
^ ^a ^b Bogan, Sergio; Taverne, Louis; Federico, Agnolini (2013). "First Triassic and oldest record of a South American amiiform fish: Caturus sp. from the Los Menucos Group (lower Upper Triassic), Río Negro province, Argentina". Geologica Belgica. 16 (3): 191–195.
^ López-Arbarello, Adriana; Concheyro, Andrea; Palma, Ricardo M.; Aguirre-Urreta, Beatriz (2023-12-05). "The early fossil record of Caturoidea (Halecomorphi: Amiiformes): biogeographic implications". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 142 (1): 33. Bibcode:2023SwJP..142...33L. doi:10.1186/s13358-023-00297-z. ISSN 1664-2384.

[1] Roberts, George (1839). An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 27. Retrieved 29 December 2021.

[:2-2] "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-05-02.

[3] Gouiric-Cavalli, Soledad (2016-06-09). "A new Late Jurassic halecomorph fish from the marine Vaca Muerta Formation, Argentina, southwestern Gondwana". Fossil Record. 19 (2): 119–129. Bibcode:2016FossR..19..119G. doi:10.5194/fr-19-119-2016. hdl:11336/54624. ISSN 2193-0074.

[:0-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f López-Arbarello, Adriana; Ebert, Martin (2023). "Taxonomic status of the caturid genera (Halecomorphi, Caturidae) and their Late Jurassic species". Royal Society Open Science. 10 (1). Bibcode:2023RSOS...1021318L. doi:10.1098/rsos.221318. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 9832298. PMID 36686548.

[:1-5] Bogan, Sergio; Taverne, Louis; Federico, Agnolini (2013). "First Triassic and oldest record of a South American amiiform fish: Caturus sp. from the Los Menucos Group (lower Upper Triassic), Río Negro province, Argentina". Geologica Belgica. 16 (3): 191–195.

[6] López-Arbarello, Adriana; Concheyro, Andrea; Palma, Ricardo M.; Aguirre-Urreta, Beatriz (2023-12-05). "The early fossil record of Caturoidea (Halecomorphi: Amiiformes): biogeographic implications". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 142 (1): 33. Bibcode:2023SwJP..142...33L. doi:10.1186/s13358-023-00297-z. ISSN 1664-2384.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]