Charlotte Duplessis-Mornay
Charlotte Duplessis-Mornay (born Charlotte Arbaleste de la Borde) lived from 1550 to 1606 and became a French writer of the Reformation.
Life
She was born into a well-to-do French family many years before the civil war between the French Catholics and Protestants. During the religious wars in France, her father left the Catholic Church for the Protestant Church, while her mother remained a devout Catholic. Her siblings were divided between Catholic and Protestant, but Charlotte herself left the Catholic Church and remained a devout Protestant. At the age of 17, Charlotte married her first husband, Jean de Pas, the lord of Feuqueres. Jean de Pas was also a converted Protestant, but he had served at the court of Catholic Valois kings in the past. Once they were married, Charlotte was sent by her husband to Sedan, where their daughter was born. Jean died five months later, never meeting his daughter.
Charlotte became a Huguenot as an adult and was known for writing a first-person account of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572). After being caught up in the massacre she left her daughter in the custody of her Catholic mother and fled to Sedan for safety. In 1576, after she gained notoriety for writing those accounts, she met Philippe de Mornay (1549-1623), a writer who would later become her second husband.
Family
Charlotte Duplessis Mornay was born Charlotte Arbaleste, in Paris, France, on February 1, 1550. She had three brothers and a sister. Her father was Guy Arbaleste II, Viscount of Melun, Lord of la Borde in 1552. In 1555 he became president of the Paris Chamber of Accounts. He joined the Protestant religion in 1569 and died the following year. Charlotte's mother was a devout Catholic until the day she died in 1590.
Marriage to Philippe de Mornay
The widowed Charlotte did not wish to remarry, but she met and was attracted to the intelligence of Philippe de Mornay, lord of Plessis-Marly, a Huguenot fighter in the religious wars of the Protestant Reformation and a leading French Protestant. In 1576, at age 26, with an eight-year-old daughter from her first marriage, she married Philippe (age 27), who was also a writer and who had escaped the St. Bartholomew massacre as well. He continued to be a soldier but soon became adviser to then-Huguenot King Henry of Navarre, who wanted the French throne. Philippe was a well respected soldier and author and was called the Pope of the Huguenots. In marrying Philippe de Mornay Charlotte’s life course changed dramatically; she was now set on traveling with her husband as much as she could. She desired to enable her husband the freedom to write.
She moved her family to London, Flanders, Gascony and Saumur as her husband moved. During their travels, Charlotte and Philippe befriended many prominent Protestants such as Francis Walsingham, Mary Sidney and Philip Sidney. Charlotte and Philippe had eight children together; however, only three lived past infancy. While her husband was building his career she aided him by entertaining people who came to see him: military men, courtiers and other writers. She dedicated her life to Philippe; as a fellow Huguenot she decided it was her duty to ensure he had the time to write and convert people to become involved in the Huguenot cause.
Huguenots
The Huguenots were a group of French Protestants who eventually followed the teachings of John Calvin. They were forced to flee France due to religious persecution in the 16th and 17th centuries. Some Huguenots remained in France, but practiced their faith in secret. Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation around 1517 in Germany. It quickly spread through France, specifically among people who had grievances against the government. Once Protestantism spread through France, it took on the form of Calvinism. The Reformed religion was practiced by nobility and the middle-class in France. Protestants believed that they could be saved by themselves without a church hierarchy.
They were in extreme conflict with the Catholic Church and the King of France and were accused of committing heresy against the Catholic Church. Around 1555, the first Huguenot Church was established in a Paris home. The church was then based on John Calvin's teachings. In 1562, during the conflict with the Catholic Church, approximately 1200 Huguenots were killed in Wassy. This event brought about the French Wars of Religion, which brought turmoil to France for 35 years.ii
Work
Charlotte Duplessis-Mornay first gained notoriety as a writer when she wrote a first person account of the St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre. Charlotte was an avid letter writer but was best known for the Memories de Messier de Philippe de Mornay, which she wrote for her husband. The Memories de Messier de Philippe de Mornay were first published in 1824 and are now in the Sorbonne Library. She began writing the memoir in 1584, and in 1595, she gave the writing that she had so far written to her 16-year-old son because it was her wish that he would carry on the work and alliances of the Protestant cause, a cause that his mother and father began. With failing health and vision she continued to write the memoir for ten years.
During that time, she kept a record of all of her husband's writings declarations, and political activities. When she received the tragic news of the death of her son Philippe, who was killed fighting with the army of Prince Maurice at Gueldres on October 23, 1605, Charlotte gave up her Memoires, which she had been writing for him alone. She put down her pen on April 21, 1606.
Death
Charlotte Duplessis-Mornay died in 1606, one year after the death of her only son. Not long after her husband’s death, in 1623, Memoires de Messire Philippe de Mornay was published. The accounts found in the memoir are about her husband, but the writing gives great insight to what a great writer Charlotte was. Charlotte's husband, Philippe wrote an account of her death, in which he recorded she continued to affirm her Protestant faith until the day she died. She died on May 15, 1606 of the same year she quit writing. She died after a long time of illness, exhaustion, sorrow and near blindness.
Sources
Mémoires et correspondance de Duplessis-Mornay (1824)
Memoires de messire Philippes de Mornay, seignevr dv Plessis Marli
Berriot-Salvadore, Evelyne. Les femmes dans la société française de la Renaissance. Genève, Droz, 1990, p. 127-133.
"Cattholic Encyclopedia: Huguenots." New Advent: Home. 25 Oct. 2011.[1]
Crouzet, Denis. La nuit de la Saint-Barthélemy. Paris, Fayard 1994, p. 68-77.
Daussy, Hugues. Les Huguenots et le roi. Genève, Droz, 2002, passim.
Disse, Dorothy. "Charlotte De Mornay." Other Women's Voices. 25 Oct. 2011.
"Erreur." Musée virtuel Du protestantisme : Informations théologiques, débats, tradition protestante. Web. 26 Nov. 2011.[permanent dead link]
Kuperty-Tsur, Nadine. Se dire à la Renaissance en France. Paris, Vrin, 1997.
Kuperty-Tsur, Nadine. "Charlotte Arbaleste." Siefar. 2003. 20 Nov. 2011.
Robin, Diana Maury, Larsen, Anne R. and Levin, Carole (2007). Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England. ABC-CLIO, Inc.
"Who Were the Huguenots?" The National Huguenot Society. Web. 14 Nov. 2011.