View source for Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus

{{short description|Historic terminal train station in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}

{{Infobox building
| native_name      =  Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
| address          = [[Fort, Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], 400001
| image            = Chhatrapati shivaji terminus, esterno 01.jpg
| image_size       = 300px
| image_caption    = [[Façade]] of the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
| coordinates      = {{Coord|18.9398|72.8354|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| location_town    = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| location_country = {{flag|India}}
| embedded         = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| ID = 945
| Year = 2004
| Criteria = Cultural: ii, iv
}}
| architect        = [[Frederick William Stevens]], [[Axel Haig]]
| client           = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| engineer         = Wilson Bell
| construction_start_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1878|5}}<ref name="WHS" /><ref>[[:File:India Mumbai Victor Grigas 2011-15.jpg]]</ref><!-- Please do not edit war. If you want to change the date, please provide a better source than the one provided -->
| completion_date  = {{start date and age|df=yes|1888|5}}<ref name="WHS" /><!-- Please do not edit war. If you want to change the date, please provide a better source than the one provided -->
| date_demolished  = 
| cost             = {{INRConvert|1614000}} (at the time)<br />now {{INRConvert|2013|m}}
| structural_system = 
| style            = Indo-Saracenic
Victorian Gothic Revival
| former_names     = *Victoria Terminus
*Bori Station
| start_date       = 1878
| website          = https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/
}}
{{Infobox station
| name               = Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
| native_name        = 
| image              = Victoria Terminus on Republic Day eve.jpg
| type               = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station
| style              = Indian Railways
| address            = Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Area, [[Fort, Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] 400001
| country            = India
| coordinates        = {{Coord|18.9398|N|72.8355|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN-MH|display=inline}}
| line               = [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line|Mumbai–Nagpur–Howrah line]]<br />[[Mumbai–Chennai line]]<br />Mumbai–Madgaon line<br />[[Howrah-Prayagraj-Mumbai line]]<br/>[[Mumbai-Ahmednagar railway line]] via [[Kalyan]] was also in planning stage with survey of this project carried out on 1970, 2000, 2014 etc.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.maharashtratimes.com/editorial/article/development-route-of-kalyan-ahmednagar-railway/amp_articleshow/59907427.cms |title=कल्याण-नगर रेल्वे हा विकासाचा मार्ग |trans-title=Kalyan-Nagar Railway is the path of development |date=4 August 2017 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]]}}</ref>
| structure          = At-grade
| platform           = 18
| levels             = 01
| tracks             = 40 (Multiple)
| connections        = {{rint|mumbai|suburban}} {{rint|bus}}
| parking            = Yes
| website            = https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/
| opened             = {{start date and age|df=yes|1853|5}}<ref name="WHS" />
| rebuilt            = {{start date and age|df=yes|1888|5}}<ref name="WHS" />
| status             = Active
| electrified        = [[25 kV AC]] [[50 Hz]]
| code               = {{Indian railway code
  |code = CSMT ''(current)''<br />BB VT CST CSTM ''(former)''<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/Station_code.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=29 April 2019 |page=46 |year=2015}}</ref>
  |zone = [[Central Railway zone]]
  |division ={{rwd|Mumbai CR}}
  }}
| owned              = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator           = [[Central Railway zone]]
| former             = [[Bori Bunder railway station|Bori Bunder]]<br />[[Victoria Terminus]]
| passengers         = 
| pass_year          = 
| pass_percent       = 
| pass_system        = 
| mpassengers        = 
| map_state          = collapsed
| map_type           = India#Mumbai#Maharashtra
| map_dot_label      = Mumbai CSMT
| services           = 
}}

'''Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus''' (officially '''Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus''' since 2017, formerly '''Victoria Terminus (VT)''', [[Bombay]] station code: '''CSMT''' ([[Indian Railways|mainline]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2019-20/Station_Code_Index.pdf |title=Station Code Index |website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=29 June 2023 |page=46 |year=2019}}</ref>/'''ST''' ([[Mumbai Suburban Railway|suburban]])), is a historic [[Train station#Terminus|railway terminus]] and [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/ |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

The terminus was designed by a British architectural engineer [[Frederick William Stevens]] from an initial design by [[Axel Haig]], in an exuberant [[Italian Gothic architecture|Italian Gothic]] style. Its construction began in 1878, in a location south of the old [[Bori Bunder railway station]],<ref name="mu2006">{{cite book |last=Aruṇa Ṭikekara |first=Aroon Tikekar |title=The cloister's pale: a biography of the University of Mumbai |year=2006 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=81-7991-293-0 |page=357 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dz9wl5vvKCAC}}Page 64</ref> and was completed in 1887, the year marking [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria|50 years of Queen Victoria's rule]].

[[File:Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus 2022 Dec.webm|thumb|Inside Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, 2022]]
In March 1996, the station's name was officially changed from "Victoria Terminus" to "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus" (with station code CST) after [[Shivaji]], the 17th-century warrior king and the first [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] who founded the [[State (polity)|state]] in the western [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking regions of the [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref name="Eaton2019">{{cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP198|date=25 July 2019|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-196655-7|pages=198–}} Quote: "Quote: "Amidst this fragmented political environment a new polity emerged in the Marathi-speaking western plateau. Its founder, the charismatic and politically gifted Maratha chieftain Shivaji Bhonsle (1630-80), repeatedly used courage and savvy to outmanoeuvre his adversaries."</ref><ref name="Kedourie2013">{{cite book|last=Kedourie|first=Elie|title=Nationalism in Asia and Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6wsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-27613-2|pages=71–}} Quote: "Tilak also inaugurated another cult by resuscitating the memory of Shivaji, the chieftain who had originally established Mahratta fortunes in contest with the Mughals."</ref><ref name="Subramaniam2016">{{cite book|last=Subramaniam|first=Arjun|title=India's Wars: A Military History, 1947-1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSlMDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30|year=2016|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5177-750-2|pages=30–}} Quote: "Quote: First was the purely home-bred guerrilla force under Shivaji. The courageous and wily Maratha chieftain along with his successors and, subsequently, the Peshwas, defied the Mughals and other Muslim invaders for almost a century from the latter half of the seventeenth century and expanded the Maratha Empire till it covered much of the Indian heartland.</ref>

In 2017, the station was again renamed "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus" (with code CSMT), where the title [[Maharaj]] has literal meaning, "Great king; emperor."<ref name="McGregor1993-maharaj">{{cite book|last=McGregor|first=Ronald Stuart|title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzMwAAAACAAJ&pg=PA800|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563846-2|page=800|chapter=महाराज maharaj (n)}}</ref>  Both former initials "VT" and the current, "CST", are also commonly used.<ref>{{cite news |title=From VT to CST: Interesting facts about Mumbai's busiest railway station |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/victoria-terminus-cst-interesting-facts-mumbai-news-busiest-railway-station/17353184 |access-date=1 June 2019 |agency=Mid-day |date=20 June 2017}}</ref>

The terminus is the headquarters of India's [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]. It is one of the busiest railway stations in India,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-impressive-railway-stations/20111013.htm |title=India's impressive railway stations |work=Rediff.com |date=13 October 2011 |access-date=4 January 2013}}</ref> serving as a terminal for both long-distance and [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|suburban]] trains with a total number of 18 platforms.

== History ==
=== Victoria Terminus ===
This famous landmark which has become a symbol of the city, was built as the headquarters of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway|Great Indian Peninsular Railway]].

The railway station was built to replace the [[Bori Bunder railway station]], in the [[Bori Bunder]] area of Bombay, a prominent port and warehouse area known for its imports and exports. Since Bombay became a major port city at the time, a bigger station was built to meet its demands, and was named Victoria Terminus, after the then reigning [[Empress of India]], [[Queen Victoria]]. The station was designed by [[Frederick William Stevens]], a British engineer architect, attached to the Bombay office of the Indian colonial Public Works Department. Work began in 1878. He received {{INRConvert|1614000}} as the payment for his services.<ref name="WHS">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/chhatrapatishivaji.html |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Station |work=World Heritage Site |publisher=worldheritagesite.org |access-date=3 December 2008 |archive-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313211012/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/chhatrapatishivaji.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Stevens earned the commission to construct the station after a masterpiece watercolour sketch by draughtsman [[Axel Haig]].<ref name="WHS" /> The design has been compared to [[George Gilbert Scott]]'s 1873 [[St Pancras railway station]] in London, also in an exuberant Italian Gothic style, but it is far closer to<ref name="WHS" /><ref name="UNESCOABE" /> Scott's second prize winning entry for Berlin's parliament building, exhibited in London in 1875, which featured numerous towers and turrets, and a large central ribbed dome.<ref name="ReferenceA">Bombay Gothic by Christopher W London 2002 India Book House PVT Ltd {{ISBN|81-7508-329-8}}</ref> The style of the station is also similar to other public buildings of the 1870s in Mumbai, such as the Elphinstone College but especially the buildings of [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]], also designed by G Scott.

The station took ten years to complete,<ref name="UNESCOABE">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/|title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> the longest for any building of that era in Mumbai.

=== Missing statue ===
{{Gallery
| width = 250
| height = 200
| align = center
| File:VictoriaTerminus1910.jpg
| A photo of Victoria Terminus from 1910. Note the seated statue in the canopy under the clock
}}
During its construction, a marble statue of [[Queen Victoria]] was installed in the main façade of the building, in a canopy under the clock. In the 1950s, authorities had begun to remove statues of the [[British Raj|British]] figures from government buildings and public spaces based on a directive from the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CST's Victoria missing without a trace |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/csts-victoria-missing-without-a-trace/ |work=The Indian Express|date=21 December 2015 }}</ref> Most of the statues, including that of Queen Victoria, were sent to [[Jijamata Udyan|Victoria Gardens]] (later renamed ''Rani Baug'') where they were left lying on the grass in the open until at least the 1980s. A [[Right to Information Act, 2005|Right to Information]] report was filed, but had no records of the missing statue being exported out of India. Historians now believe that the statue was smuggled out, sold by politicians, or destroyed.<ref name="BombayGothic" /> The symbol of ''Progress'', another statue, featured on the top of the dome, is often mistaken for that of Queen Victoria.

=== Renaming ===
{{Gallery
| width = 250
| height = 200
| align = center
| File:VictoriaTerminusNameBoard.png
| Victoria Terminus, [[Renaming of cities in India|before being renamed]] to ''Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus'' in 1995
}}
The station has been renamed several times. It was built to replace [[Bori Bunder railway station|Bori Bunder]], the terminus of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] from 1853 to 1888 and was named Victoria Terminus to commemorate the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria]]. In 1996, the station was renamed to ''Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus''<ref name="SureshKalmadiWorkProfile">{{cite web |title=Suresh Kalmadi – Work Profile |url=http://www.sureshkalmadi.org/work-profile/minister-rail/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228215443/http://www.sureshkalmadi.org/work-profile/minister-rail/ |archive-date=28 February 2009 |access-date=21 March 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Suresh Kalmadi – In Conversation |url=http://www.sureshkalmadi.org/in-conversation/ |access-date=21 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802145339/http://www.sureshkalmadi.org/in-conversation/ |archive-date=2 August 2009}}</ref> in honour of [[Shivaji]], the founder and first [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]].

In December 2016, the [[First Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis Ministry]] passed a resolution to change the name to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus in the Maharashtra Assembly and in May 2017, the home ministry officially sent a letter to the state government denoting the name change, following which the station was yet again renamed as the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus. However, both the former names "VT" as well as "CST" along with the current name "CSMT" are popularly used.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Korde |first1=Kallah |title=Mumbai travellers, CST is now Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-travellers-cst-is-now-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/story-ZZbzAnvvu1leBPZCRQwmtM.html |access-date=7 August 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/articleshow/59390999.cms |title=Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus |date=30 June 2017 |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref>

=== 2008 Mumbai attacks ===
{{Main|2008 Mumbai attacks}}
On 26 November 2008, two Pakistani terrorists entered the passenger hall of the CST, opened fire and threw grenades at people. The terrorists were armed with [[AK-47]] rifles. One of the terrorists, [[Ajmal Kasab]], was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. The others did not survive. The attacks began around 21:30 when the two men entered the passenger hall and opened fire,<ref name="CCTV">{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/3-witnesses-identify-Kasab-court-takes-on-record-CCTV-footage/articleshow/4665196.cms |work=The Economic Times |location=India |title=3 witnesses identify Kasab, court takes on record CCTV footage |date=17 June 2009 |access-date=17 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618223439/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/3-witnesses-identify-Kabab-court-takes-on-record-CCTV-footage/articleshow/4665196.cms |archive-date=18 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="recalls" /> The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others,<ref name="recalls">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=22785 |title=Photographer recalls Mumbai attacks |work=[[The News International]] |date=16 June 2009 |access-date=17 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617081640/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=22785 |archive-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> their assault ending at about 22:45 after they exited the station via the North FOB towards the west to [[Cama Hospital|Cama hospital]] back entrance. The CCTV evidence was used to identify and indict Kasab.<ref name="CCTV" /> In 2010, Kasab was sentenced to death for his role in the attack, and in 2012 he was hanged.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ajmal Kasab hanged at Yerwada Jail in Pune at 7:30&nbsp;am |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 November 2012 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ajmal-Kasab-hanged-at-Yerwada-Jail-in-Pune-at-730am/articleshow/17303820.cms? |date=21 November 2012}}</ref>

{{Gallery
| width = 200
| height = 200
| align = center
| IAshishTripathi_Mumbai_26Nov2008_CST-Memorial.jpg
| Memorial of [[2008 Mumbai Attacks]] victims killed at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
}}

== Structure ==
[[File:Victoriaterminus1903 (cropped).JPG|left|thumb|A 1903 photo of the Victoria Terminus, Bombay which was completed in 1888.]]
The station building is designed in the High [[Victorian Gothic]] style of architecture. The building exhibits a fusion of influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and classical Indian architecture. The skyline, turrets, pointed arches, and eccentric ground plan are close to classical Indian palace architecture. Externally, the wood carving, tiles, ornamental iron and brass railings, grills for the ticket offices, the balustrades for the grand staircases and other ornaments were the work of students at the [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art]]. The station stands as an example of 19th-century railway architectural marvels for its advanced structural and technical solutions. The CSMT was constructed using a high level of engineering both in terms of railway and civil engineering. It is one of the first and finest products of the use of industrial technology, merged with the Gothic Revival style in India. The centrally domed office structure has a 330-foot-long platform connected to a 1,200-foot-long train shed, and its outline provides the skeleton plan for the building. CSMT's dome of dovetailed ribs, built without centering, was considered as a novel achievement of the era.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2019/03/14/kasab-bridge-mumbai-collapses.html |title=6 dead, 31 injured as 'Kasab bridge' in Mumbai collapses |website=OnManorama |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus (Victoria Terminus Station).jpg|thumb|An evening view of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Teminus.]]
The interior of the building was conceived as a series of large rooms with high ceilings. It is a utilitarian building and has had various changes required by the users, not always sympathetic. It has a C-shaped plan which is symmetrical on an east–west axis. All the sides of the building are given equal value in the design. It is crowned by a high central dome, which acts as the focal point. The dome is an octagonal ribbed structure with a colossal female figure symbolizing Progress, holding a torch pointing upwards in her right hand and a spoked wheel in her left hand. The side wings enclose the courtyard, which opens on to the street. The wings are anchored by monumental turrets at each of their four corners, which balance and frame the central dome. The façades present the appearance of well-proportioned rows of windows and arches. The ornamentation in the form of statuary, bas-reliefs, and friezes is exuberant yet well controlled. The columns of the entrance gates are crowned by figures of a lion (representing Great Britain) and a tiger (representing India). The main structure is built from a blend of India sandstone and limestone, while high-quality Italian marble was used for the key decorative elements. The main interiors are also decorated: the ground floor of the North Wing, known as the Star Chamber, which is still used as the booking office, is embellished with Italian marble and polished Indian blue stone. The stone arches are covered with carved foliage and grotesques.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/945rev.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – IND 945 AN.doc |access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref> Internally, the ceiling of the booking hall was originally painted blue, gold and strong red on a ground of rich blue with gold stars. Its walls were lined with glazed tiles made by [[Maw & Co]] of Britain.<ref name="BombayGothic">{{cite book |title=Bombay Gothic |first=Christopher |last=W |location=London |year=2002 |publisher=India Book House PVT Ltd. |isbn=81-7508-329-8}}</ref> Outside, there are statues representing Commerce, Agriculture, Engineering and Science, with a statue representing Progress on the central dome of the station.<ref name="BombayGothic" /> The best time to visit CST is in the evening, because at this time the CST building is decorated with colorful lights, which looks very beautiful. Especially on [[August 15|15th August]] and [[January 26|26th January]], there is light all around here.

== Platforms ==
CSMT has a total of 18 platforms—seven platforms are for suburban EMU trains and eleven platforms (Platform 8 to Platform 18) are for long-distance trains. Rajdhani, Duronto, Garib Rath and Tejas Express leave from Platform No. 18.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/1620?stptype=5&s0=3&sr=0 |title=Mumbai CSTM Station – 24 Train Departures CR/Central Zone – Railway Enquiry |website=indiarailinfo.com |access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref> Air-conditioned dormitories were inaugurated at CST on 16 April 2013. The facility has 58 beds for men and 20 for women.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dormitories for women at CST, LTT get good response |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dormitories-for-women-at-cst-ltt-get-good-response/1104668/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=19 April 2013}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

* The station was a filming location for the "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]" song in ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''<ref name="Publishing2008">{{cite book |author=Outlook Publishing |title=Outlook |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_iTEEAAAAMBAJ |access-date=7 November 2011 |date=6 October 2008 |publisher=Outlook Publishing |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_iTEEAAAAMBAJ/page/n36 69]–}}</ref> and the 2011 [[Bollywood|Indian film]] ''[[Ra.One]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=3,500 VFX shots in RA.One |date=n.d. |url=http://www.mahiram.com/2011/09/28/3500-vfx-shots-in-ra-one/ |work=Mahiram |access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Timeline of Mumbai]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=945 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus] on the UNESCO website
* [http://www.mumbai.org.uk/victoria-terminal.html Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Mumbai]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/1620 Google Satellite Map of Mumbai CST]

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[[Category:Railway terminus in India]]
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