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Chindwin River

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Chindwin
ချင်းတွင်းမြစ်
The Chindwin at Homalin. The smaller, meandering Uyu River can be seen joining the Chindwin.
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationHukawng Valley, Kachin State
 • elevation1,134 m (3,720 ft)
Mouth 
 • location
Irrawaddy River
 • elevation
55 m (180 ft)
Length1,207 km (750 mi)

The Chindwin River (Template:Lang-my, IPA: [tɕɪ́ɴdwɪ́ɴ mjɪʔ]) is a river in Burma (Myanmar), and the largest tributary of the country's chief river the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy). It flows entirely within Burma and is known as Ning-thi to the Manipuris.[1]

Sources

The Chindwin originates in the broad Hukawng Valley of Kachin State of Burma, roughly 26°26′18″N 96°33′32″E / 26.43833°N 96.55889°E / 26.43833; 96.55889, where the Tanai, the Tabye, the Tawan, and the Taron (also known as Turong or Towang) rivers meet.

The headwaters of the Tanai are at about 25°30′N 97°0′E / 25.500°N 97.000°E / 25.500; 97.000 on the Shwedaunggyi peak of the Kumon range, 12 miles north of Mogaung. It flows due north for the first part until it reaches the Hukawng Valley. In 2004, the government established the world's largest tiger preserve in the Hukawng Valley, the Hukawng Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, with an area of approximately 2,500 square miles (6,500 km2); later, the Sanctuary was extended to 21,800 km2, making it the largest protected area in mainland Southeast Asia. The river then turns to the west and flows through the middle of the plain,[1] joined by the Tabye, the Tawan, and the Taron rivers from the right bank. These rivers drain the mountain ranges to the north and northeast of the Hukawng valley.

Course

The Tanai exits the Hukawng valley through the Taron or Turong valley and through a sharp defile in the river. It then takes on the name of Chindwin, and maintains a general southerly course.[1] It passes the town of Singkaling Hkamti on the left bank, then the town of Homalin, also on the left bank.

The river's course is generally southwesterly until the town of Mingin. It then takes a more southeasterly course entering into broad central plain, passing the city of Monywa on the left bank. Its course at this point forms the boundary between the Sagaing District of Sagaing Region and the Pakokku District of Magway Region.

It enters the Ayeyarwady River (Irrawaddy) at about 21°30′N 95°15′E / 21.500°N 95.250°E / 21.500; 95.250. The extreme outlets into the Ayeyarwady are about 22 miles apart, the interval forming a succession of long, low, partially populated islands. The lowest mouth of the Chindwin is, according to tradition, an artificial channel, cut by one of the kings of Bagan (Pagan). It was choked up for centuries until 1824 when it was opened out by an exceptional flood.[2] Satellite pictures show this lowest channel to be the widest one today.[3]

Tributaries

  1. Uyu River is the largest tributary joining the Chindwin river just below Homalin on the left. The famous jade mines at Hpakant lie in the headwaters of the Uyu.[4][5]
  2. Mu River, which drains the Kabaw Valley, is next to enter the Chindwin on the right.
  3. Myittha River, draining the Kale valley, joins on the right further downstream. The town of Kalewa is on the left bank of their confluence.

Towns

River Chindwin at Monywa
1980: River Chindwin 30 km NE of Monywa (with Twin Taung crater lake)
  1. Hkamti
  2. Htamanthi
  3. Homalin
  4. Mawlaik
  5. Kalewa
  6. Kalaymyo
  7. Mingin
  8. Monywa [6]

Environment

Much of Chindwin's course lies within mountain ranges and forests. Due to the difficulty of access, much of it remains unspoilt. The government of Burma recently created a very large (2,500 square mile) sanctuary for the endangered tiger within the Hukawng Valley.[7]

History

The mountain ranges to the west of the Chindwin are formidable, yet not totally impregnable to armies. The Kabaw valley saw many an invasion by the kingdom of Manipur to the west, most notably during the reign of King Garibaniwaj (1709–1748) when his army crossed over the Chindwin and the Mu, took Myedu, and reached as far as Sagaing opposite the capital Ava. The tables were turned in 1758 after King Alaungpaya ascended the Burmese throne.[8] The Burmese army invaded and occupied Manipur and Assam marching across the western mountain ranges, and even encroached upon British India.

During World War II, when the Japanese had cut off sea access, the British army and other allied forces under General Joseph Stilwell retreated on foot to India across the same mountains, with disastrous results, mainly due to disease and hunger. The Ledo Road was built across the Hukawng valley to supply China.[9] The Chindwin was a major barrier both for the Japanese trying to invade India and for the Allied forces to reoccupy Burma.[10]

Ethnography and culture

Economics

The Chindwin is served by regular river-going vessels up to the town of Homalin. Teak forests within its drainage area have been a valuable resource since ancient times. The Hukawng Valley is known for its abundance of Burmese amber. Along the river, there are deposits of jade, but Hpakant in the headwaters of the Uyu river is the only place in the world where the finest jade known as jadeite or Imperial Jade is found, along with an abundance of fish [4][5]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chindwin" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 232.
  2. ^ "Chindwin River". Encyclopaedia Britannica online. Retrieved 2008-10-07. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  3. ^ "Earth from Space". NASA, November 1998. Retrieved 2008-10-07. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  4. ^ a b "Hpakan Other Rock Mine(Myanmar)". aditnow.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-12-27. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  5. ^ a b Richard W. Hughes; Fred Ward. "Heaven and Hell: The Quest for Jade in Upper Burma". Ruby-Sapphire.com. Retrieved 2008-12-27. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  6. ^ "Map of Sagaing Division". Asterism. Retrieved 2008-10-07. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  7. ^ "Rationale for a National Tiger Action Plan for Myanmar" (PDF). Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). Retrieved 2008-12-27.
  8. ^ Phanjoubam Tarapot (2003). Bleeding Manipur. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 112–3. ISBN 978-81-241-0902-1. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  9. ^ Baruah, Sri Surendra. "The Stillwell Road A Historical Review". Tinsukia. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  10. ^ "Chindwin River". The Pacific War Online Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2008-10-07. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

Bibliography

  • J. G. Scott, Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States. 5 vols. Rangoon, 1900–1901
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