View source for Church and School of Wicca

{{Short description|American witchcraft organization}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                     = The Church and School of Wicca
| image                    = Churchandschoolofwiccalogo.jpg
| size                     = 
| caption                  = Logo of the Church and School of Wicca
| map                      = 
| msize                    = 
| mcaption                 = 
| formation                = 1968
| type                     = [[New Religious Movement]] <br> [[Celtic Wicca]]
| headquarters             = Hinton, West Virginia, US
| membership               = 
| language                 = 
| leader_title             = Founders
| leader_name              = Gavin and Yvonne Frost
| key_people               = 
| num_staff                = 
| budget                   = 
| website                  = 
}}

'''The Church and School of Wicca''' was founded by '''Gavin Frost''' and '''Yvonne Frost''' in 1968. It was the first federally recognized Church of the religion known as [[Wicca]] in the [[United States]]. It is known for its [[correspondence courses]] on the Frosts' unique interpretation of Wicca. The Church and School are located in [[Beckley, West Virginia]].

==History==

The Church of Wicca was founded in 1968.{{sfnm|1a1=Clifton|1y=2006|1p=89|2a1=Guiley|2y=2008|2p=61}} Gavin Frost was a British-born aerospace engineer.{{sfn|Clifton|2006|p=89}} While working for an aerospace company in southern England's [[Salisbury Plain]] – an area replete with prehistoric monuments, he became interested in the [[druid]]s.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=133}} His wife Yvonne was an American with a background in [[Spiritualism (movement)|Spiritualism]].{{sfn|Clifton|2006|p=89}} He then claimed to have been initiated into a Wiccan group in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=133}} When living in St. Louis, they developed a correspondence course through which to teach people about Wicca, advertizing these courses as the "School of Wicca".{{Sfn|Guiley|2008|p=61}}
They argued that by spreading their religious teaching in the form of a correspondence course, they were reaching a wider range of people than initiatory-based forms of Wicca, and that this would be necessary in order for the religion to become a "strong religious force".{{sfn|Clifton|2006|p=89}} They believed strongly that Wicca should be presented publicly, believing that the secrecy that is observed by some Wiccan groups brought mistrust and persecution from wider society.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=133}}

{{Quote box|width=25em|align=left|quote="The people who really get in trouble are the people who are semisecret; that's how rumors start. Be public. The government will defend your right to the bitter end, because that's the way we're set up in the U.S. But if you're private and secret then people will come around and burn down your barn in the middle of the night. And then who will defend you."|source=Gavin and Yvonne Frost{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=415}} }}

The Frosts had adopted the term "Wicca" in the late 1960s, when it was gaining increasing usage within the pagan witchcraft community, as a name for their religion.<ref name="DoyleWhite193">[[#Doy10|Doyle White 2010]]. p. 193.</ref>
The pair resisted using the term "pagan" until the late 1970s.{{sfn|Clifton|2006|p=89}} In 1975, Yvonne stated that "I do not consider myself a pagan. I do not worship any nature deity. I reach upward to the unnameable which has no gender".{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=132}}

In conjunction with his lawyers, Gavin secured religious recognition for his church from the [[Internal Revenue Service]] in 1972; this resulted in his church becoming the first recognized church of Wicca in the United States.{{sfn|Guiley|2008|p=61}} Later that year, they began working on their Church and School full time.{{sfn|Guiley|2008|p=61}} Gavin appointed himself as its archbishop, and Yvonne as a bishop, and they awarded themselves [[doctorate of divinity|doctorates of divinity]] through their church.{{sfn|Guiley|2008|p=61}} The couple moved first to [[Salem, Missouri]], where they ran a pig farm{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=132}}), and then to [[New Bern, North Carolina]], in 1974.{{sfn|Guiley|2008|p=61}} There they tried to establish a survival community, but it failed to materialize.{{sfn|Guiley|2008|p=61}} In the late 1970s, they began holding an annual "Samhain Seminar", in which workshops, rituals, and lectures took place, primarily for students of their correspondence course.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=431}} In 1996, they relocated to [[Hinton, West Virginia]].{{sfn|Guiley|2008|p=61}} They subsequently moved to West Virginia in 1993, where Gavin died on 11 September 2016 at the age of 86.<ref>Aloi, Peg (12 September 2016) [http://www.patheos.com/blogs/themediawitches/2016/09/gavin-frost-author-and-lecturer-on-modern-witchcraft-has-died/?ref_widget=gr_popular&ref_blog=grails&ref_post=pagan "Gavin Frost, author and lecturer on modern witchcraft, has died"], [[Patheos|Patheos.com]]. Retrieved 12 September 2016.</ref>

In 1985, the Church of Wicca was involved in the ''[[Dettmer v. Landon]]'' case, during which the [[District Court of Virginia]] ruled that Wicca constitutes a legitimate religion under U.S. law. The Virginia prison authorities appealed the case, and in 1986, Judge J. Butzner of the [[Federal Appeals Court]] upheld the original decision.{{sfn|Guiley|2008|p=61}} This made the Church of Wicca the only federally recognized Wiccan church to have its status as a religion upheld in a federal appeals court.{{sfn|Guiley|2008|p=61}}

Within the American Wiccan and wider modern pagan community, the Frosts have been at the center of various disputes, particularly surrounding issues such as [[homosexuality]] and [[theology]].{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=131}} The Wiccan [[Margot Adler]] suggested that much of this controversy stemmed from Gavin's "wry and rather bizarre sense of humor, and his tendency to say anything to get a rise out of someone", something which she thought had resulted in the Frosts often being "misunderstood".{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=131}} In person, she thought, the Frosts "have always been delightful", with Gavin being "kind and humorous" and Yvonne being "forthright and even a bit prim".{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=132}}

They published a book titled ''The Witch's Bible'', which generated outrage within the Wiccan community.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=131}} Many critics referred to it as a "witchcrap book".{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=131}} Many of the central teachings featured in the book, such as its emphasis upon the existence of an asexual monotheistic deity, were completely contradictory to mainstream Wiccan belief.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=131}} Many Wiccans were angered at the word ''The'' as it appeared in the title, presupposing that it carried some form of authority within the Wiccan community.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=132}} Its comments on race and sex also caused controversy.{{sfn|Adler|2006|pp=131–132}}

==Belief and teaching==

The Church of Wicca defines Wicca as a [[monotheism|monotheistic]] religion.{{sfn|Adler|2006|pp=96, 131}} Gavin asserted that there is one god, which is abstract, unknowable, and beyond the need for any worship.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=132}} This is one of the teachings which distinguishes it from other Wiccan groups.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=133}} Unlike many other Wiccan groups, there was no particular emphasis upon female divinity or the feminine, with Gavin calling beliefs about ancient matriarchies "a Marxist heresy".{{sfn|Adler|2006|pp=133, 134}}

He also expressed belief in "stone gods" – idols which are created by humans as a storage for [[energy (esotericism)|energy]], which can then be utilized for magical purposes.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=132}}

The Church taught that the [[ghost|astral]] realm, which they called the "Sidhe", is structured into ten levels.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=133}} They taught that each human has a soul which undergoes a progressive system of [[reincarnation]], through which it can learn.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=134}} The Frosts believed that [[overpopulation]] had resulted in "inferior souls" incarnating upon the earth.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=134}}

The Church taught [[kundalini]] sex practices. These included "introitus", in which sex without [[orgasm]] was held as a form of surrender to the monotheistic god.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=134}}

==Impact and legacy==

Tens of thousands of students have begun the School's twelve-lesson course in Wicca, although only a few thousand have finished it due to the rigor of the course.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=131}}
In 2006, the Wiccan journalist [[Margot Adler]] suggested that the School of Wicca may have been responsible for the formation of as many as one hundred covens.{{sfn|Adler|2006|p=131}}

==Curriculum==
The School's curriculum includes classes on a variety of subjects associated both with Wicca as a religion and with occult and metaphysical studies and practices in general. These classes begin with an "Essential [[Witchcraft]]" course, which lasts "a year and a day". Other topics include: Advanced [[Celtic Wicca|Celtic Witchcraft]] and [[Shamanism]], [[Astral Projection|Astral Travel]], [[Astrology]], [[Graphology]], Mystical Awareness, a Natural Wicca Survey Course, Practical [[Magic (paranormal)|Sorcery]], [[Prediction]], [[Psychic]] and [[Herbalism|Herbal]] [[Healing]], and [[Tantric Yoga]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wicca.org/|title=Home|website=The Church and School of Wicca}}</ref> Much of the course of study is available to the student on video.

==Charters==
The Church and School [[charter]]ed several other churches and groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.controverscial.com/Gavin%20and%20Yvonne%20Frost.htm|title=Gavin and Yvonne Frost}}</ref> In the early years of the Church, ordination to individuals and sometimes even charters to churches had at times been offered solely on the basis of the Church's correspondence courses. However, due to a few incidents of fraudulent use of Church credentials, misconduct by these individuals, and/or the use of course material to defame the Church and the religion of Wicca, along with public controversy about these instances, this practice was abandoned as of 1976. In some cases, charters have been revoked.

==See also==
*[[Neopagan witchcraft]]
*[[Wiccan organisation]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Works cited===
{{Refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |last=Adler |first=Margot |year=2006 |orig-year=1979 |title=Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers and Other Pagans in America |edition=Revised |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-303819-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/drawingdownmoonw00adle_2 }}
* {{cite book |title=Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America |publisher=AltaMira |location=Oxford and Lanham |last=Clifton |first=Chas S. |author-link=Chas S. Clifton |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7591-0202-6 }}
* {{cite journal |title=The Meaning of "Wicca": A Study in Etymology, History and Pagan Politics |journal=The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies |last=Doyle White |first=Ethan |year=2010 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=185–207 |doi= 10.1558/pome.v12i2.185 }}
* {{cite book |last=Doyle White |first=Ethan |title=Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |location=Brighton, Chicago, and Toronto |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-84519-754-4 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |entry=Church and School of Wicca |title=The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca |edition=third |last=Guiley |first=Rosemary Ellen |year=2008 |location=New York |publisher=Checkmark Books |pages=61–62 |isbn=978-0816071043 }}
* {{cite book |title=Bull of Heaven: The Mythic Life of Eddie Buczynski and the Rise of the New York Pagan |last=Lloyd |first=Michael G. |year=2012 |publisher=Asphodel Press |location=Hubbarston, Mass. |isbn=978-1-938197-04-8 |ref=Llo12}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |year=1972 |title=Witchcraft, the Way to Serenity: School of Wicca |publisher=Esoteric Publishing |isbn=978-0-89-861009-3}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=1972 |title=The Witch's Bible |publisher=Berkley Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-0-42-502875-9}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=1976 |title=The Magic Power of Witchcraft |publisher=Prentice Hall Books |isbn=978-0-13-545368-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=1978 |title=Meta-Psychometry: Key to Power and Abundance |publisher=Parker Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-13-578583-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=1979 |title=A Witch's Grimoire of Ancient Omens, Portents, Talismans, Amulets, and Charms |publisher=Parker Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-13-961557-3}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=1980 |title=Helping Yourself with Astromancy |publisher=Parker Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-13-386243-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=1980 |title=Power Secrets from a Sorcerer's Private Magnum Arcanum |publisher=Parker Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-13-687251-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=1986 |title=Astral Travel: Your Guide to the Secrets of Out-of-the-Body Experiences |publisher=Red Wheel/Weiser |isbn=978-0-87728-336-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=1989 |title=Tantric Yoga: The Royal Path to Raising Kundalini Power |publisher=S. Weiser |isbn=978-0-87728-692-9}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=1991 |title=The Prophet's Bible |publisher=S. Weiser |isbn=978-0-87728-677-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |year=1992 |title=Who Speaks for the Witch: An it Harm None, Do what You Will |publisher=Godolphin House |isbn=978-0-9630657-3-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=1992 |title=Witch Words |publisher=Godolphin House |isbn=978-0-9630657-5-9}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=1999 |title=Good Witch's Bible |publisher=Godolphin House |isbn=978-0-9630657-6-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=1999 |title=Magic Power of White Witchcraft: Revised for the New Millennium |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-7352-0093-7}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=2000 |title=The Witch's Magical Handbook |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-7352-0200-9}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=2002 |title=The Witch's Book of Magical Ritual: Use the Forces of Wicca to Direct Your Psychic Powers |publisher=Reward Books |isbn=0-7352-0315-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=2003 |title=A Witch's Guide to Psychic Healing: Applying Traditional Therapies, Rituals, and Systems |publisher=Red Wheel/Weiser |isbn=978-1-57863-295-4}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=2004 |title=The Solitary Wiccan |publisher=Red Wheel/Weiser |isbn=978-1-57863-313-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frost |first1=Gavin |first2=Yvonne |last2=Frost |year=2006 |title=Good Witches Fly Smoothly: Surviving Witchcraft |publisher=Outskirts Press |isbn=978-1-59800-774-9}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{official|http://www.wicca.org/}}

{{WiccaandWitchcraft}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Distance education institutions based in the United States]]
[[Category:Religion in West Virginia]]
[[Category:Wiccan organisations]]
[[Category:Wiccan schools in the United States]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1968]]
[[Category:Modern pagan organizations established in 1968]]