City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
| City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc. | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Argued March 18, 1985 Decided April 23, 1985 | |
| Full case name | City of Cleburne, Texas, et al. v. Cleburne Living Center et al. |
| Citations | 473 U.S. 432 (more) 105 S.Ct. 3249, 87 L.Ed.2d 313 |
| Holding | |
| Possessing an intellectual disability is not a quasi-suspect classification calling for a heightened level of scrutiny, but nevertheless, the requirement of a special use permit for a proposed group home for people with intellectual disabilities violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because no rational basis for the discriminatory classification could be shown, and in the absence of such justification, the classification appeared to be based on irrational prejudice against the intellectually disabled. | |
| Court membership | |
| |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | White, joined by Powell, Rehnquist, O'Connor, Stevens, Burger |
| Concurrence | Stevens, joined by Burger |
| Concur/dissent | Marshall, joined by Brennan, Blackmun |
City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc., 473 U.S. 432 (1985), was a U.S. Supreme Court case involving discrimination against the intellectually disabled.
In 1980, Cleburne Living Center, Inc. (CLC) submitted a permit application seeking approval to build a group home for the intellectually disabled. The city of Cleburne, Texas refused to grant CLC a permit on the basis of a municipal zoning ordinance. CLC then sued the City of Cleburne on the theory that the denial of the permit violated the Equal Protection rights of CLC and their potential residents.
Applying rational basis review the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the ordinance as applied to CLC. The Court declined to rule that the intellectually disabled were a quasi-suspect or suspect class.
Facts of the case
In July 1980, Jan Hannah purchased a building at 201 Featherston Street in the city of Cleburne with the intent of leasing it to CLC so that they could operate it as a group home for the intellectually disabled. The home was intended to house a total of thirteen mentally disabled men and women. CLC staff would supervise the residents at all times. The house itself had four bedrooms and two baths, with another half bath to be added.
The city of Cleburne informed CLC that a special use permit would be required for a group home such as this, and so CLC submitted the permit application. The city's zoning regulations required that a special use permit, renewable annually, was required for the construction of "[hospitals] for the insane or feeble-minded, or alcoholic [sic] or drug addicts, or penal or correctional institutions" (436). The city had classified the group home as a "hospital for the feebly minded" (437).
The city of Cleburne held a public hearing on the meeting, after which they denied the special use permit to CLC on a vote of 3 to 1.
Case history
After their special use permit was denied CLC filed suit in Federal District Court against the city, alleging that the zoning ordinance was invalid on its face and as applied because it discriminated against the intellectually disabled in violation of the equal protection rights of CLC and its potential residents. The Federal District Court found that if the potential residents of CLC's group home had not been intellectually disabled the permit would have been granted. However, they upheld the city's ordinance and actions as constitutional. The District Court held that the intellectually disabled were neither a suspect nor a quasi-suspect class and therefore the rational basis test should be applied. The court held that the ordinance was rationally related to the city's legitimate interest in "the legal responsibility of CLC and its residents, . . . the safety and fears of residents in the adjoining neighborhood," and the number of people to be housed in the home.
The Federal Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reversed the decision of the District Court. The Court of Appeals held that an intellectual disability was a quasi-suspect class and therefore intermediate scrutiny should be applied to the ordinance. Applying the heightened scrutiny standard to the ordinance, the court held it was unconstitutional on its face and as applied.
The U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari.
The U.S. Supreme Court opinion
Justice Byron White's majority opinion invalidated the ordinance as applied to CLC, holding that the denial of the permit was based on irrational prejudice against the intellectually disabled and hence was invalid under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Unlike most cases (see Williamson v. Lee Optical) where the Court uses rational basis review, the Court did not accept the City's claimed interest. Some commentators have referred to this investigation into to the actual reasons for passing the law as "rational basis with bite." [1]
The Court declined to grant the intellectually disabled status as a suspect or quasi-suspect class because they are a "large and diversified group" amply protected by state and federal legislatures. Therefore, any legislation that distinguishes between the intellectually disabled and others must be rationally related to a legitimate government interest in order to withstand equal protection review. This is also known as rational basis review and is the lowest level of review under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Justice Thurgood Marshall, dissenting in part and concurring in the result of invalidating the statute, argued that due to the history of discrimination against the intellectually disabled, the Court should employ a higher standard of scrutiny (see Equal Protection scrutiny) when examining laws that regulated those with mental disabilities.
Significance of the case
Although the U.S. Supreme Court declined to classify those with mental disabilities as a suspect or quasi-suspect class, the Cleburne decision represents one of the few instances in which the Supreme Court has held government legislation to be unconstitutional when applying a rational basis level of review.
See also
- List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 473
- Department of Agriculture v. Moreno
- Romer v. Evans
References
- ^ See Pettinga, Gayle Lynn (1987). "Rational Basis with Bite: Intermediate Scrutiny by Any Other Name". Indiana Law Journal 62: 779. ISSN 0019-6665.; Wadhwani, Neelum J. (2006). "Rational Reviews, Irrational Results". Texas Law Review 84: 801, 809–811. ISSN 0040-4411.