Classical pharmacology
In the field of drug discovery, classical pharmacology,[1] also known as forward pharmacology,[2][3][4] or phenotypic drug discovery (PDD),[5] relies on phenotypic screening (screening in intact cells or whole organisms) of chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect. Using the techniques of medicinal chemistry, the potency, selectivity, and other properties of these screening hits are optimized to produce candidate drugs.
Historical background
Classical pharmacology traditionally has been the basis for the discovery of new drugs. Compounds are screened in cellular or animal models of disease to identify compounds that cause a desirable change in phenotype. Only after the compounds have been discovered, an effort is made to determine the biological target of the compounds. More recently it has become popular to develop a hypothesis that a certain biological target is disease modifying and screen for compounds that modulate the activity of this purified target. Afterwards, these compounds are tested in animals to see if they have the desired effect. This approach is known as "reverse pharmacology"[1] or "target based drug discovery" (TDD).[5] However recent statistically analysis reveals that a disproportionate number of first-in-class drugs with novel mechanisms of action come from phenotypic screening[6] which has led to a resurgence of interest in this method.[7]
Similarity with pharmacognosy
Pharmacognosy, the investigation of botanics used in indigenous medical traditions is essentially classical pharmacology. Pharmacognosy and classical pharmacology are both often contrasted with reverse pharmacology, that is, working from the target backward to identify new drugs starting with screening libraries of compounds for affinity for particular target. In pharmacognosy, folk medicines are first tested in clinical trials for efficacy. Only after efficacy has been established, is an effort made to determine the biologic target of the drug.
Application to Ayurvedic drugs
Classical pharmacology is one of the approaches used for clinical trials on Ayurvedic drugs.[8][9][10][11][12] In this approach, a folk medicine (e.g., Ayurveda) which has already been in use for many years and has anecdotal evidence of efficacy for the treatment of a disease (and is also presumed to be safe) is then tested for efficacy in a clinical trial. This method has been described somewhat confusingly as 'reverse pharmacology’ by Dr. Ashok Vaidya.
It is asserted that Ayurveda knowledge allows drug researchers to start from time-tested and safe botanical material. The best example of bioprospecting using traditional knowledge is reserpine, the anti-hypertensive alkaloid from Rauwolfia serpentina, which became available as a result of work carried out by CIBA in India in close collaboration with Ayurveda experts. The normal drug discovery course of ‘laboratory to clinics’ in this case actually becomes from ‘clinics to laboratories’.[8][12][13]
See also
References
- ^ a b Takenaka T (September 2001). "Classical vs reverse pharmacology in drug discovery". BJU Int. 88 Suppl 2: 7–10, discussion 49–50. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2001.00112.x. PMID 11589663.
- ^ Lazo JS (April 2008). "Rear-view mirrors and crystal balls: a brief reflection on drug discovery". Mol. Interv. 8 (2): 60–3. doi:10.1124/mi.8.2.1. PMID 18403648.
- ^ Bachmann KA, Hacker MP, Messer W (2009). Pharmacology principles and practice. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 576. ISBN 0-12-369521-X.
- ^ Vogt A, Lazo JS (August 2005). "Chemical complementation: a definitive phenotypic strategy for identifying small molecule inhibitors of elusive cellular targets". Pharmacol. Ther. 107 (2): 212–21. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.03.002. PMID 15925410.
- ^ a b Lee JA, Uhlik MT, Moxham CM, Tomandl D, Sall DJ (May 2012). "Modern phenotypic drug discovery is a viable, neoclassic pharma strategy". J. Med. Chem. 55 (10): 4527–38. doi:10.1021/jm201649s. PMID 22409666.
- ^ Swinney DC, Anthony J (July 2011). "How were new medicines discovered?". Nat Rev Drug Discov. 10 (7): 507–19. doi:10.1038/nrd3480. PMID 21701501.
- ^ Kotz J (April 2012). "Phenotypic screening, take two". Science-Business eXchange. 5 (15). doi:10.1038/scibx.2012.380.
- ^ a b Patwardhan B; Vaidya ADB. Chorghade M; Joshi SP (2008). "Reverse Pharmacology and Systems Approaches for Drug Discovery and Development" (PDF). Current Bioactive Compounds. 4 (4): 201–212. doi:10.2174/157340708786847870.
- ^ Vaidya ADB (2006). "Reverse pharmacological correlates of ayurvedic drug actions". Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 38 (5): 311. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.27697.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Pathak N (April 2011). "Reverse pharmacology of Ayurvedic drugs includes mechanisms of molecular actions". J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2 (2): 49–50. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.82512. PMC 3131769. PMID 21760686.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Lele RD (October 2010). "Beyond reverse pharmacology: Mechanism-based screening of Ayurvedic drugs". J Ayurveda Integr Med. 1 (4): 257–65. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.74435. PMC 3117317. PMID 21731372.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Willcox ML, Graz B, Falquet J, Diakite C, Giani S, Diallo D (March 2011). "A "reverse pharmacology" approach for developing an anti-malarial phytomedicine". Malar. J. 10 Suppl 1: S8. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-S1-S8. PMC 3059466. PMID 21411019.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Patwardhan B, Vaidya AD (2010). "Natural products drug discovery: accelerating the clinical candidate development using reverse pharmacology approaches". Indian J. Exp. Biol. 48 (3): 220–7. PMID 21046974.