Codicil (will)
| Wills, trusts and estates |
|---|
 |
| Part of the common law series |
| Wills |
|
Sections Property disposition |
| Trusts |
|
Common types Other types
Governing doctrines |
| Estate administration |
| Related topics |
| Other common law areas |
A codicil is a testamentary document similar but not necessarily identical to a will. In some jurisdictions, it may serve to amend, rather than replace, a previously executed will. In others, it may serve as an alternative to a will. In still others, there is no recognized distinction between a codicil and a will.
Etymology
Latin codicillus meaning a short additional text or a small writing tablet. The diminutive of codex see also code[1]
Origins
The concept of a testamentary document is similar to but distinct from a will originated in Roman law. In the pre-classical period, a testator was required to nominate an heir in order for his will to be valid (heredis institutio).[2] Failure to nominate an heir or failure to observe the proper formalities for nomination of an heir resulted in an estate divided pursuant to the rules of intestacy. However, a testator was also able to institute a fideicommissum, a more flexible and less formal indication of the testator's intent, which could have the effect of transferring part or all of his estate after death, although with fewer rights to the beneficiary than those of a nominated heir.[3]
A codicillus (diminutive of codex)[4] was a written document subject to fewer formal requirements than a will (testamentum) that, in its initial use, could supplement or amend an existing will, provided that the codicil was specified, i. e. confirmed, in the will.[5] However, if the will did not confirm the codicil, all provisions in the codicil were considered fideicommissa. Furthermore, a will that did not nominate an heir could be considered a codicil. Thus, when a testator did not nominate an heir, his will would be considered a codicil and his bequests would become fideicommissa. This "opened a way to save certain dispositions in a will which was invalid due to some formal or substantive defect": if a testator failed or chose not to nominate an heir, an estate would pass to heirs pursuant to rules of intestacy, but those heirs would be bound by the fideicommissa in the codicil.[6]
By the time of the Codex Justinianus, the formal requirements for wills had relaxed, while requirements for codicils had become more stringent. "There was thus little difference between the formalities for a will and for a codicil", and an invalid will, when for example, no heir had been nominated, could often be validated as a codicil.[7]
It is acknowledged that classical Roman inheritance law was "highly complicated and to a large extent perplexedly entangled".[8]
Modern development
 | The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (July 2015) |
The codicil remained a distinct entity to a will (testament) to varying degrees throughout the Roman-influenced legal world. The concept of heredis institutio (a will requires an heir) was part of the jus commune up until modern times.[9]
In the United States, a codicil is a document that changes an existing will. Amendments made by a codicil may alter, explain, add to, subtract from, or confirm – and otherwise amend a will in any other way, minor or major, short of complete revocation. It is subject to the same formal requirements as a will.[citation needed]
References
- ^ Online Etymological dictionary
- ^ Reid, ed. by Kenneth G.C.; Waal, Marius J. de; Zimmermann, Reinhard (2011). Comparative succession law (1st ed.). Oxford [etc.]: Oxford University Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-19-969680-2.
{{cite book}}:|first1=has generic name (help) - ^ Id. at 11–13 (discussing limited gifts).
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
- ^ Id. at 15–16, 17.
- ^ Lexikin (1 January 2010). "What Is A Codicil". www.lexikin.com. Will Writing Services. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
- ^ Id. at 24.
- ^ Nicholas, Barry (13 February 2009). "Classical Roman Law Fritz Schulz: Classical Roman Law. Pp. xii and 650. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951. Cloth, 42s. net". The Classical Review. 2 (3–4): 204–206. doi:10.1017/S0009840X00159463.
- ^ Klein et al. c. 2 p. 33.