# Complementary assets

Two assets are said to be complements when investment in one asset increases the marginal return on the other. On the contrary, assets are substitutes when investment in one reduces the marginal return on the other.

If the production process is described by the production function ${\displaystyle F(x,y)}$, where ${\displaystyle x}$ and ${\displaystyle y}$ are the amounts invested of the two assets, then it is possible to define formally the elasticity of substitution as

${\displaystyle \sigma _{xy}={\frac {d\ln(y/x)}{d\ln(MRT_{12})}}={\frac {d\ln(y/x)}{d\ln(F_{x}/F_{y})}}}$

If ${\displaystyle \sigma _{xy}}$ is higher than 1, the assets are substitutes; if lower, complements.

## Strategy

In the field of stratetgy, the concept is sometimes understood to apply to assets, infrastructure or capabilities needed to support the successful commercialization and marketing of a technological innovation, other than those assets fundamentally associated with that innovation.[1] The term was first coined by David Teece. Key empirical studies on complementary assets were conducted by Frank T. Rothaermel.[2][3][4][5]

Complementary assets are broken down into three general types:

1. Generic assets: "general purpose" assets which do not need to be tailored to a particular innovation;
2. Specialized assets: unilateral dependence between the innovation and the complementary asset;
3. Cospecialized assets: bilateral dependence between the innovation and the complementary asset.

Complementary assets, among other factors, are important for organizations wishing to commercialize and profit from an innovation.

## Examples

New biotechnology firms often lack the complementary assets to commercialize their innovations and thus form collaborative partnerships with large incumbent firms who do possess the necessary complementary assets such as manufacturing capabilities, marketing channels, brand name, etc. (Rothaermel, 2001)[6][7]

RC Cola was the first firm to commercialize both diet cola and cola in a can. However, rivals Coca-Cola and Pepsi soon imitated this and beat RC Cola out of the market based on their superior marketing capabilities and brand name recognition, i.e. their complementary assets (Teece, 1986) .[8]

## References

1. ^ Teece, David J. 1986. Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. Research Policy 15 (6): 285-305.
2. ^ Rothaermel, F.T. 2001. Complementary assets, strategic alliances, and the incumbent’s advantage: An empirical study of industry and firm effects in the biopharmaceutical industry. Research Policy, 30 (8): 1235-1251.
3. ^ Rothaermel, F.T. 2001. Incumbent’s advantage through exploiting complementary assets via interfirm cooperation. Strategic Management Journal, 22 (6-7): 687-699.
4. ^ Rothaermel, F.T., Hill, C.W.L. 2005. Technological discontinuities and complementary assets: A longitudinal study of industry and firm performance. Organization Science, 16 (1): 52-70.
5. ^ [1]
6. ^ Rothaermel, Frank T. 2001. Complementary assets, strategic alliances, and the incumbent's advantage: an empirical study of industry and firm effects in the biopharmaceutical industry. Research Policy 30(8): 1235-1251
7. ^ Frank T. Rothaermel
8. ^ Teece, David J. 1986. Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. Research Policy 15 (6): 285-305.