Copyright Act 1842
The Copyright Act 1842 (5 & 6 Vict. c. 45) was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, which received the Royal Assent on 1 July 1842 and was repealed in 1911. It revised and consolidated the copyright law of the United Kingdom. It was one of the Copyright Acts 1734 to 1888.[n 1]
Duration of copyright
It repealed the former Copyright Acts, and provided that in future the copyright of every book published in the lifetime of its author would endure for the remainder of the author's life and for a further seven years after their death. If this period was less than forty-two years from the first publication, then the copyright would persist for a full forty-two years regardless of the date of their death. Any work published after the author's death would remain the copyright of the owner of the manuscript for the same forty-two year period.
Where copyright already existed in a work under earlier legislation, it was to be extended to that provided for by the new act, except that if the copyright had been sold[n 2] it would lapse at the end of the present term of copyright, unless an extension was agreed to by both the proprietor and the author. This ensured that authors would have the opportunity to be compensated for the fact that rights they had sold some years previously, possibly for a fixed sum, had become substantially more valuable.
In an early form of a compulsory license, the Privy Council was given the authority to authorize the republication of any book which the proprietor refused to publish after the death of the author.
Copyright in encyclopedias, magazines, periodicals, and series works was to be vested in the proprietors as though they were themselves the authors, saving that essays, articles, &c. first published as part of a collected periodical work, the republication right was to revert to the original author after twenty-eight years and continue for the remainder of the term.
The Act extended to dramatic works, previously covered by the Dramatic Copyright Act 1833, and to their "right of representation"[n 3] which was to have the same term as copyright. The copyright and the right of representation of a dramatic work could be assigned separately. The Act also extended to musical works, and extended the provisions of the 1833 Act to cover such works.
Copyrights were declared to be personal property, and thus capable of bequest.
Library deposit and registration
One copy of any book printed after the Act came into force[n 4] was to be submitted within one month of publication to the British Museum, at the expense of the publisher. The Bodleian Library, Cambridge University Library, the Advocates' Library and the Trinity College Library, Dublin, were all empowered to demand copies, which were to be delivered within a month of receiving the demand.
A registry of copyrights was to be kept at Stationers' Hall, and an entry was to be taken as prima facie proof of proprietorship; an assignation of copyright recorded in the register was to be considered as having the force of a legal deed. Entry in the register was a necessary precondition to suing under the Act, but an omission did not affect the legal title, simply the ability to sue.
Copyright infringement
Any illegal copies of work were forfeit, to become the property of the proprietor of the copyright, and could be recovered from their publisher by legal action. All editions published outside British jurisdiction were illegal; only the copyright proprietor was permitted to import them, and any unauthorized imports were likewise forfeit. Any illegally imported copies could be seized by customs agents, and fined on conviction at a rate of £10 plus double the value of each copy of the book.
The Act extended throughout the British Empire. It was repealed by sections 36 and 37(2) of, and schedule 3 to, the Copyright Act 1911.
See also
- Statute of Anne, the Copyright Act of 1709, which preceded it
- Copyright Act of 1911, which succeeded it
Notes
- ^ The Short Titles Act 1896, section 2(1) and Schedule 2.
- ^ As the Companion tactfully put it, in cases "where it shall belong to an assignee for other considerations than natural love and affection."
- ^ The right to license them for performance.
- ^ And of any subsequent edition which had significant additions
References
- The companion to the British almanac, for the year 1843, p. 151-3. London, 1843.
- Chronological table of the statutes; HMSO, London. 1993. ISBN 978-0-11-840331-3
- Rose, Mark (2003). "Nine-Tenths of the Law: The English Copyright Debates and the Rhetoric of the Public Domain". Law and Contemporary Problems. 66 (1/2): 75–87. JSTOR 20059172.
- Seville, Catherine (1999). Literary Copyright Reform in Early Victorian England: The Framing of the 1842 Copyright Act. Cambridge Studies in English Legal History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62175-5.
External links
- Copyright Act, London (1842), Primary Sources on Copyright (1450-1900), eds L. Bently & M. Kretschmer, www.copyrighthistory.org.