Crista
| Cell biology | |
|---|---|
| mitochondrion | |
 Components of a typical mitochondrion
3 Lamella
4 Mitochondrial DNA |
A crista (/ˈkrɪstə/; plural cristae) is a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The name is from the Latin for crest or plume, and it gives the inner membrane its characteristic wrinkled shape, providing a large amount of surface area for chemical reactions to occur on. This aids aerobic cellular respiration, because the mitochondrion requires oxygen. Cristae are studded with proteins, including ATP synthase and a variety of cytochromes.
Background
With the discovery of the dual-membrane nature of mitochondria, the pioneers of mitochondrial ultrastructural research proposed different models for the organization of the mitochondrial inner membrane.[1] Three models proposed were:
- Baffle model – According to Palade (1953), the mitochondrial inner membrane is convoluted in a baffle-like manner with broad openings towards the intra-cristal space. This model entered most textbooks and was widely believed for a long time.
- Septa model – Sjöstrand (1953) suggested that sheets of inner membrane are spanned like septa (plural of septum) through the matrix, separating it into several distinct compartments.[2]
- Crista junction model – Daems and Wisse (1966) proposed that cristae are connected to the inner boundary membrane via tubular structures characterized by rather small diameters, termed crista junctions (CJs). In the middle of 1990s these structures were rediscovered by EM tomography, leading to the establishment of this currently widely accepted model.[3]
More recent research (2019) finds rows of ATP synthase dimers (formerly known as "elementary particles" or "oxysomes") forming at the cristae. These membrane-curving dimers have a bent shape, and may be the first step to cristae formation.[4] They are situated at the base of the crista. A mitochondrial contact site cristae organizing system (MICOS) protein complex occupies the crista junction. Proteins like OPA1 are involved in cristae remodeling.[5]
Crista are traditionally sorted by shapes into lamellar, tubular, and vesicular cristae.[6] They appear in different cell types. It is debated whether these shapes arise by different pathways.[7]
Electron transport chain of the cristae
NADH is oxidized into NAD+, H+ ions, and electrons by an enzyme. FADH2 is also oxidized into H+ ions, electrons, and FAD. As those electrons travel farther through the electron transport chain in the inner membrane, energy is gradually released and used to pump the hydrogen ions from the splitting of NADH and FADH2 into the space between the inner membrane and the outer membrane (called the intermembrane space), creating an electrochemical gradient.
This electrochemical gradient creates potential energy (see potential energy § chemical potential energy) across the inner mitochondrial membrane known as the proton-motive force. As a result, chemiosmosis occurs, and the enzyme ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP and a phosphate group. This harnesses the potential energy from the concentration gradient formed by the amount of H+ ions. H+ ions passively pass into the mitochondrial matrix by the ATP synthase, and later help to re-form H2O (water).
The electron transport chain requires a varying supply of electrons in order to properly function and generate ATP. However, the electrons that have entered the electron transport chain would eventually pile up like cars traveling down a blocked one-way street. Those electrons are finally accepted by oxygen (O2). As a result, they form two molecules of water (H2O). By accepting the electrons, oxygen allows the electron transport chain to continue functioning. The chain is organized in the cristae lumen membrane, i.e. the membrane inside the junction.[5]
The electrons from each NADH molecule can form a total of 3 ATP's from ADPs and phosphate groups through the electron transport chain, while each FADH2 molecule can produce a total of 2 ATPs.
As a result, 10 NADH molecules (from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle), along with 2 FADH2 molecules, can form a total of 34 ATPs during aerobic respiration (from a single electron transport chain). This means that combined with the Krebs Cycle and glycolysis, the efficiency for the electron transport chain is about 65%, as compared to only 3.5% efficiency for glycolysis alone.
Function
The cristae greatly increase the surface area of the inner membrane on which the above-mentioned reactions may take place. A widely accepted hypothesis for the function of the cristae is that the high surface area allows an increased capacity for ATP generation. However, the current model is that active ATP synthase complexes localize preferentially in dimers to the narrow edges of the cristae. Thus, the surface area of mitochondrial membranes allocated to ATP syntheses is actually quite modest.
Mathematical modelling suggested that the optical properties of the cristae in filamentous mitochondria may affect the generation and propagation of light within the tissue.[8]
References
- ^ Griparic, L; van der Bliek, AM (August 2003). "The many shapes of mitochondrial membranes". Traffic. 2 (4): 235–44. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0854.2001.1r008.x. PMID 11285133. S2CID 9500863.
- ^ Sjostrand, F (Jan 3, 1953). "Systems of double membranes in the cytoplasm of certain tissue cells". Nature. 171 (4340): 31–32. doi:10.1038/171031a0. S2CID 6765607.
- ^ Zick, M; Rabl, R; Reichert, AS (January 2009). "Cristae formation-linking ultrastructure and function of mitochondria". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1793 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.06.013. PMID 18620004.
- ^ Blum TB, Hahn A, Meier T, Davies KM, Kühlbrandt W (March 2019). "Dimers of mitochondrial ATP synthase induce membrane curvature and self-assemble into rows". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (10): 4250–4255. doi:10.1073/pnas.1816556116. PMC 6410833. PMID 30760595.
- ^ a b Baker, Nicole; Patel, Jeel; Khacho, Mireille (November 2019). "Linking mitochondrial dynamics, cristae remodeling and supercomplex formation: How mitochondrial structure can regulate bioenergetics". Mitochondrion. 49: 259–268. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2019.06.003. PMID 31207408.
- ^ Hanaki M, Tanaka K, Kashima Y (1985). "Scanning electron icroscopic study on mitochondrial cristae in the rat adrenal cortex". Journal of Electron Microscopy. 34 (4): 373–380. PMID 3837809.
- ^ Stephan, Till; Roesch, Axel; Riedel, Dietmar; Jakobs, Stefan (27 August 2019). "Live-cell STED nanoscopy of mitochondrial cristae". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 12419. Bibcode:2019NatSR...912419S. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48838-2. PMC 6712041. PMID 31455826.
- ^ Thar, R.and M. Kühl (2004). "Propagation of electromagnetic radiation in mitochondria?". J.Theoretical Biology, 230(2), 261-270. [1] Archived 2013-07-18 at the Wayback Machine