Cryoplanation
Cryoplanation (also known as cryoplanation terraces) is the alteration of a terrestrial surface by intense frost action that effectively reduces slope steepness and lowers mountain and hill peaks.[1] Cryoplanation is a variant of pediplanation that is restricted to cold climates.[2] All the cryoplanation surfaces that exists at present date to the Quaternary.[2]
The term cryoplanation was introduced by Kirk Bryan in 1946 [3] and it is a type of frost weathering that often modifies the landscape into terraces. These terraces are called cryoplanation terraces. Czudek described cryoplanation terraces as gently inclined or nearly horizontal bedrock-cut benches on slopes, spurs and on broad interfluves that are formed by the parallel retreat of steeper slope segments under periglacial conditions.[4] Additionally, with the effect of cryoplanation on the landscape, the vegetation on these frost-altered terraces is also reshaped. The vegetation tends to be uniquely uniform both laterally and vertically.[5] The results of this unique freeze-thaw cycle are customarily found in Arctic periglacial regions of Eastern Siberia and Alaska. They may also be found in areas that currently or have sometime in the past experienced intense seasonal freezing or permafrost.[4]
The concept has been questioned. According to Hall and André the theory has caused confusion because of “the almost complete absence of actual data from active cryoplanation terraces”.[3] It is judged that cryoplanation is unlikely to produce any large surfaces.[2]
References
- ^ "cryoplanation". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ a b c Migoń, Piotr (2004). "Planation surface". In Goudie, A.S. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. pp. 788–792.
- ^ a b Hall, Kevin; Marie-Françoise André (2010). "Some further observations regarding cryoplanation terraces on Alexander Island". Antarctic Science. 22 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1017/s0954102009990617.
- ^ a b Czudek, Tadeáš (1995). "Cryoplanation Terraces: A Brief Review and Some Remarks". Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography. 77 (1/2): 95–105. doi:10.2307/521280.
- ^ Raup, Hugh M. (1951). "Vegetation and Cryoplanation". Ohio Journal of Science. 51 (3): 105–116.