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This article is about the cyclone in 1988. For the deadly cyclone in 1970 that struck Bangladesh, see 1970 Bhola cyclone.
Severe Tropical Cyclone Bola
Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Aus scale)
Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Satellite image of Cyclone Bola near peak intensity
FormedFebruary 23, 1988
DissipatedMarch 4, 1988
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 165 km/h (105 mph)
1-minute sustained: 195 km/h (120 mph)
Lowest pressure940 hPa (mbar); 27.76 inHg
Fatalities3 direct
Damage$82 million (1988 USD)
Areas affectedFiji, Vanuatu, New Zealand
Part of the 1987–88 South Pacific cyclone season

Cyclone Bola was one of the costliest cyclones in the history of New Zealand,[1] causing severe damage as an extratropical cyclone when it passed near the country in March 1988. It formed on February 24 to the north of Fiji, and tracking generally southwestward it reached hurricane-force winds near Vanuatu on February 28. The next day it generated peak wind velocities of 195 km/h (120 mph), though it quickly weakened as it accelerated southward. On March 4 Bola transitioned into an extratropical storm, passing to the north of the North Island of New Zealand on March 8. It weakened further and was absorbed by a stationary trough near the South Island on March 12.

The cyclone first affected Fiji, where it produced gale force winds and strong waves. In Vanuatu, Bola dropped heavy rainfall, which destroyed two bridges and caused severe damage to islands in the group. Bola caused severe damage to the North Island of New Zealand, where heavy rainfall peaked at 917 mm (36.1 in) in Gisborne Region. Damage totaled over $82 million (1988 USD).[2] Three people were killed due to flooding, and hundreds were evacuated when a swollen river threatened Wairoa. In Whangaruru Harbour, Northland, a samaritan act accounted for another Bola fatality when an elderly male long time resident of Rapata road Oakura Bay attempted to tie down a neighbours empty water tank. He suffered a massive heart attack and died during the peak of the storm. The name Bola was later retired, meaning it will not be used again within the same basin.[3]

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The system that was to become Severe Tropical Cyclone Bola was first noted during February 24, as a depression that had developed within the South Pacific Convergence Zone about 850 km (530 mi) to the north-east of Nadi, Fiji.[4][5] During that day the system moved south-westwards and passed about 260 km (160 mi) to the north of Nadi, Fiji, before it started to move north-westwards during February 25.[5] The system was subsequently named Bola by the Fiji Meteorological Service during the next day, after it had become a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.[4] The system subsequently moved south-westwards which meant that the islands of Maewo and Pentecost were threatened.[6] However, as Bola moved further southwards it entered a region of light and variable wind during February 27, which along with an area of high pressure in the Tasman Sea blocked Bola's movement southwards.[6] By this time Bola had become a category 2 tropical cyclone on the Australian scale, with wind speeds of between 95–110 km/h (60–70 mph) occurring near the centre.[5] During February 28, the system became a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale, as it performed a small clockwise loop, between the Shepherd Islands and Efate.[5][6] After completing its first cyclonic loop during February 29, Bola started to move south-eastwards, before it performed a second cyclonic loop during the next day.[5][6]

As it completed its second cyclonic loop during March 2, the FMS reported that the system had peaked with 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 165 km/h (105 mph), which made it a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale.[5][6] The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center also reported that the system had peaked with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 195 km/h (120 mph), which made it equivalent to a category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale.[7]

After reaching peak intensity, Cyclone Bola quickly weakened as it accelerated southeastward toward a frontal trough.[8][9] On March 3, its winds dropped below hurricane-force,[8] and it gradually lost its tropical characteristics. The structure became asymmetric, with a large band of clouds extending well south of the circulation.[9] By March 4, Bola had completed the transition into an extratropical cyclone.[8] Which turned south and began to affect the North Island of New Zealand on March 6. A building ridge of high pressure to its south caused the extratropical remnants of Bola to slow and turn to the west on March 7. The next day, the storm passed about 110 km (70 mi) north of the North Island. Around the same time, the storm began slowly filling, meaning the low pressure area associated with Bola was losing its identity. It turned southward on March 9, and on March 12 was absorbed by a stationary trough in the Westerlies near the western coast of the South Island.[9]

[10]

Impact

Fence posts buried alongside Lake Tūtira due to erosion caused by Cyclone Bola

Vanuatu

Cyclone Bola remained near Vanuatu for about a week,[11] during which it reached its peak intensity while executing a cyclonic loop.[8] The most affected locations were Epi island, the Shepherd Islands, and the islands in Malampa Province, and throughout the country the cyclone affected more than 15,000 people and 3,000 houses.[11] In a five-day period the cyclone dropped about 450 mm (17.7 in) of rainfall. Two bridges on Malakula were destroyed, and several other bridges were flooded or damaged. The passage of the cyclone also left several buildings, roads, and crop fields damaged.[12]

Fiji

Fiji was first affected by Bola on February 25, while the system was within its developing stages.[13] The system subsequently affected the island nation for a second time between March 3 and 4.[13][14] As it impacted the island nation for a second time, gale force winds of up to 81 km/h (50 mph) and waves of up to 5 m (16 ft) were observed.[13][14] Only very minor damage to sugarcane, pawpaws and other crops was reported, while the Fijian Government decided not to assess the damage caused by Bola.[14][15] During March 3, an open punt went missing between Kadavu and Vateule with six fishermen on board.[14] All six fishermen were subsequently presumed dead after repeated air searches had failed to find them.[14]

New Zealand

Cyclone Bola, (1988) - Devon Street, New Plymouth, New Zealand

Cyclone Bola created some of the heaviest rainfall totals for a single storm in the history of New Zealand, with some locations receiving more than half of their annual rainfall totals from the storm. While the cyclone passed north of the island, a strong easterly flow over the North Island contained the interaction between moist air from Bola and drier air from the ridge to its southeast. In the Gisborne region, the flow resulted in the heaviest rainfall totals, when the moisture ascended over the region's western mountainous areas and condensed into precipitation. One station recorded 419 mm (16.5 in) in a 24‑hour period.[9] The maximum rainfall total attributed to the storm was 917 mm (36.1 in), reported at a station near Tolaga Bay.[1] Heavy rainfall totals of up to and over 300 mm (12 in) were observed in the regions of Auckland and Northland.[9] The cyclone is the largest to be recorded in 93 years of rainfall records. As such, it had a large and lasting effect on the rivers of the area when it deposited a large amount of sediment, as recorded in the sedimentary record of Lake Tūtira.[16] Shortly prior to losing its identity, the remnants of Bola also dropped 100–200 mm (4–8 in) of precipitation on the South Island of New Zealand.[9]

Storm damage was heaviest in Gisborne, where rain destroyed or damaged several roads and bridges.[9] Three days of continuous rainfall led to mudslides, flooding,[1] and erosion.[2] Flooding killed three people when a car was swept away. In Te Karaka in Gisborne, a flooded river forced 500 residents to evacuate. A total of 1,765 farmers were affected by the flooding, accounting for about 3,600 hectares (8,900 acres) of damaged crop fields and about $90 million in crop damage (1988 NZD, $82 million 1988 USD). Water supplies were disrupted in two cities due to flooding. Rainfall in Northland Region caused flooding and outages to telephone and power.[1] Additionally, beginning on about 6 March, the cyclone began affecting the North Island with strong easterly winds of over hurricane force, caused by the interaction between the extratropical remnants of Bola and a ridge of high pressure to its south. The winds damaged a few homes, including some in which the roofs were damaged or destroyed.[1][9] In addition, the strong winds downed several trees, and at the same time, erosion and landslides left hillsides bare without grass or trees.[2][9]

Aftermath

In Vanuatu, cyclone victims received food and emergency aid following the storm.[11] Australian patrol boat HMAS Cessnock provided manpower assistance to 11 islands in the country.[17] Reconstruction costs in Vanuatu totalled about $5 million (1988 USD), which was about 10 percent of the country's national budget.[11]

After the passage of the storm, four towns in New Zealand declared states of emergency.[1] The New Zealand government provided about $80 million (1988 NZD) to the east coast region of the North Island for assisting in cyclone damage. $8 million was used to create an East Coast Forestry Conservation Scheme, which was set to protect forests and prevent erosion.[2] A study was taken five years after the storm, consisting of a group of 112 people who were evacuated or received monetary assistance in response to the cyclone; the study showed 12% of the respondents as experiencing Posttraumatic stress disorder, of which they reported a general lack of assistance and public support.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Christchurch City Library. "New Zealand Disasters: Cyclone Bola". Retrieved 2008-06-08.
  2. ^ a b c d Colin L. O'Loughlin (1991). "Priority Setting for Government Investment in Forestry Conservation Schemes-An Example from New Zealand" (PDF). USDA Forest Service. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  3. ^ Tropical Cyclone Programme (2006). "Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  4. ^ a b DeAngellis, Richard M (ed.). Mariners Weather Log: Summer 1988 (Report). Vol. 32. United States National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. pp. 33–36. hdl:2027/uiug.30112104094005. ISSN 0025-3367. OCLC 648466886.
  5. ^ a b c d e f MetService (May 22, 2009). "TCWC Wellington Best Track Data 1967–2006". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ a b c d e Longworth, W. Mike (1988). Final report on Tropical cyclone Bola: 26 February - 4 March, 1988 (PDF) (Report). Vanuatu Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2014. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1988 (PDF) (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1989. pp. 161–167. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2015. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ a b c d Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center. Chapter IV — Summary of South Pacific and South Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones (PDF) (1988 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. pp. 160–167. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sinclair, Mark R (March 20, 1993). "A Diagnostic Study of the Extratropical Precipitation Resulting from Tropical Cyclone Bola". Monthly Weather Review. 121 (10). American Meteorological Society: 2690. Bibcode:1993MWRv..121.2690S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<2690:ADSOTE>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2010. Retrieved April 19, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Barstow, Stephen F; Haug, Ola (1994). "Wave Climate of Fiji" (PDF). South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b c d Government of Vanuatu (May 3, 2001). Country Presentation of the Government of Vanuatu: Programme of Action for the Development of Vanuatu, 2001-2010 (PDF). Third United Nations Conference on the least developed countries: Brussels, May 14–20, 2001. United Nations. p. 8. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2013. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Stan Combs (1995). "Infrastructure Of Malekula". Retrieved 2008-06-05.
  13. ^ a b c Barstow, Stephen F; Haug, Ola (1994). Wave Climate of Fiji (PDF) (Report). South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2014. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b c d e Prasad, Rajendra; Fiji Meteorological Service (1988). DeAngellis, Richard M (ed.). Hurricane Alley: Tropical Cyclone Bola (Mariners Weather Log: Summer 1988). Vol. 32. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. pp. 34–36. hdl:2027/uiug.30112104094005. ISSN 0025-3367. OCLC 648466886.
  15. ^ South Pacific Cluster Evaluation (PDF) (Evaluation No: 8 - September 1998). Australian Agency for International Development. October 6, 1998. p. 68. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 18, 2010. Retrieved April 4, 2014. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ M.J. Page; N.A. Trustrum; R.C. Derose (1994). "A high resolution record of storm-induced erosion from lake sediments, New Zealand". Geomorphology. 9 (3): 169. Bibcode:1994JPall..11..333P. doi:10.1007/BF00677993.
  17. ^ "HMAS Cessnock (II)". Royal Australian Navy. 2005. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
  18. ^ Eustace, MacDonald, and Long (1999). "Cyclone Bola : A study of the psychological after-effects". Anxiety, Stress, & Coping. 12 (3): 285–298. doi:10.1080/10615809908250479. ISSN 1061-5806. Retrieved 2008-06-12.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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