Dali Kingdom

Great Li
Dablit Guaif
大理國
Great Li Dablit Guaif; 大理國
937–1095; 1096–1253
	Location of Dali (purple) in 1142
Capital	Dali
Religion	Buddhism
Government	Monarchy
Emperor
• 937–944	Duan Siping
• 1081–1094	Duan Zhengming
• 1096–1108	Duan Zhengchun
• 1172–1200	Duan Zhixing
• 1251–1254	Duan Xingzhi
History
• Established	937 937
• Coup d'etat by Gao Shengtai	1095
• Reestablished	1096
• Ended by the Mongol Empire	1253 1253
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Kingdom of Nanzhao
Mongol Empire

The Dali (Great Li) Kingdom or Dali State (Bai language: Dablit Guaif; simplified Chinese: 大理国; traditional Chinese: 大理國; pinyin: Dàlǐ Guó) was a kingdom centred in what is now Yunnan Province of China. Established by Duan Siping in 937, it was ruled by a succession of 22 kings until the year 1253, when it was conquered by an invasion of the Mongol Empire. The capital city was at Dali.

History

The Dali Kingdom was preceded by the Nanzhao dynasty, which was overthrown in 902. Three dynasties followed in quick succession, until Duan Siping seized power in 937 and established Dali.^[1]^[2] Gao Shengtai forced the puppet king Duan Zhengming to abdicate and become a monk in 1095, and renamed the state Dazhong. He returned the power to the Duan family upon his death. Duan Zhengchun renamed the state Hou Li (literately "Later Li") in the next year.

Han Chinese ancestry was professed by the Duan clan.^[3] Their Han ancestors originated from Wuwei in Gansu province 武威段氏.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

The 11th king of Nanzhao established Buddhism as the state religion. Ten of the 22 kings of Dali gave up the throne and became monks.^[12]

It is claimed that despite their military prowess and superior numbers, the Mongols could not breach the defenses of the Erhai valley, which was so suited to defense that even just a few defenders could hold out for years. It is said that the Mongols found a traitor who led them over the Cangshan mountains along a secret path, and only in this way were they able to penetrate and overrun the Bai defenders. Thus ended three centuries of independence. In 1274 the Province of Yunnan was created by the Mongol Empire at the beginning of the Yuan dynasty.

Historians, however, relate that the "traitor" was the last king of Dali himself, who first fought and then surrendered to the forces of Kublai Khan, to be spared and later appointed by Möngke Khan (also known as Mengu) as the region's first Native Chieftain.^[13]

The Dali King Duan Xingzhi himself defected to the Mongols, and helped them conquer the rest of Yunnan with his troops.^[14]

King Duan Xingzhi of Dali was then enfeoffed as Maharaja (摩诃罗嵯) by the Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan,^[15] and the Dali Kingdom Duan royal family continued to hold the title of Maharaja in Yunnan as vassals to the Mongols under the supervision of Mongolian imperial princes and Muslim governors (Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar). After the Ming dynasty conquered Yunnan from the Yuan,^[16] The Duan royals were scattered in various distant areas of China by the Hongwu Emperor.^[17]

Dali kings family tree

Duàn Bǎolóng
段寶龍

Duan Siping 段思平
b. c. 894 – d. c. 944
Taizu 太祖 r. 937–944¹

Duan Siliang 段思胄 (d.951)
Taizong 太宗 (r. 945–951)³

Duan Siying 段思英
Wénjīng huángdì 文経皇帝
r. 944–945²

□

Duan Sicong 段思聰 d.968
Zhìdàoguǎngcí huángdì
至道广慈皇帝 r. 952–968⁴

□

Duan Sushun 段素順 d.985
Yīngdào huángdì 应道皇帝
r. 968–985⁵

Duan Zhisi 段智思

Duan Suying 段素英
Zhāomíng huángdì 昭明皇帝
r. 985–1009⁶

Duan Silian 段思廉
Xìngzōng 兴宗 r. 1044–1075¹¹

Duan Sulian 段素廉 d.1022
Xuānsù huángdì 宣肃皇帝
r. 1009–1022⁷

□

Duan Lianyi 段廉義 d.1080
Xìngzōng 兴宗 r. 1075–1080¹²

□

Duan Suzhen 段素真
Shèngdé huángdì 圣德皇帝
r. 1026–1041⁹

Duan Sulong 段素隆
Bǐngyì huángdì 秉义皇帝
r. 1022–1026⁸

Duan Shouhui 段壽輝
Shàngmíng huángdì
上明皇帝 r. 1080–1081¹³

Duan Zhengming 段正明
Bǎodìng huángdì 保定皇帝
r. 1081–1094¹⁴

Duan Zhengchun 段正淳
Zhongzong 中宗
r. 1096–1108¹⁵

□

Duan Yu 段和譽
Xianzong 憲宗 1108–1147¹⁶

Duan Suxing 段素興
Tiānmíng huángdì 天明皇帝
r. 1041–1044¹⁰

Duan Zhengxing 段正興
r. 1147–1171¹⁷

Duan Zhixing 段智興
Xuanzong 宣宗 r. 1171–1200¹⁸

Duan Zhixiang 段智祥
r. 1204–1238²⁰

Duan Zhilian 段智廉
r. 1200–1204¹⁹

Duàn Ziangxing 段祥興
Xiàoyì huángdì 孝義皇帝
r. 1238–1251²¹

Duan Xingzhi 段興智
r. 1251–1254; 1257–1260²²

References

^ Alfred Schinz (1989). Cities in China. G. Borntraeger. p. 302. ISBN 3-443-37009-8. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
^ http://www.gutenberg-e.org/yang/chapter3.html
^ Frederick W. Mote (2003). Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press. pp. 710–. ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7.
^ http://blog.cntv.cn/11002754-787613.html
^ http://th.yuxinews.com/xs/jtly/13560.shtml
^ http://www.wuweinew.com/NewsList.asp?ID=2129
^ http://paper.yunnan.cn/html/20060519/news_89_144905.html
^ http://www.lishifengyun.com/shiqianrewu/wudaishiguo/2990.html
^ http://qcyn.sina.com.cn/news/yzjd/2012/0809/16583890498.html
^ http://familytree.netor.com/?no=918
^ http://dl.ynpost.com/MLDL/RWDL/200710/7401.html
^ "Nanzhao State and Dali State". City of Dali.
^ Du Yuting; Chen Lufan (1989). "Did Kublai Khan's Conquest of the Dali Kingdom Give Rise to the Mass Migration of the Thai People to the South?" (free). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol. 77.1c (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: 2–4. Retrieved March 17, 2013. ... Duan Xingzhi, the king of the Dali Kingdom, who originally showed resistance but later was willing to surrender, was bought over and made use of. As a result, the measures taken by the Mongolian aristocracy towards the king of the Dali Kingdom rapidly took effect. In 1255 and 1256 Duan Xingzhi was presented at court, offering Mengu ... maps of Yunnan and counsels about the vanquishing of the tribes who had not yet surrendered.... {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 39 (help)
^ http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_077_1c_DuYutingChenLufan_KublaiKhanConquestAndThaiMigration.pdf
^ http://www.gutenberg-e.org/yang/chapter5.html
^ Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
^ http://www.gutenberg-e.org/yang/chapter4.html

External links

Media related to Kingdom of Dali at Wikimedia Commons

This Asian history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] Alfred Schinz (1989). Cities in China. G. Borntraeger. p. 302. ISBN 3-443-37009-8. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

[2] ttp://www.gutenberg-e.org/yang/chapter3.html

[Mote2003-3] Frederick W. Mote (2003). Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press. pp. 710–. ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7.

[4] ttp://blog.cntv.cn/11002754-787613.html

[5] ttp://th.yuxinews.com/xs/jtly/13560.shtml

[6] ttp://www.wuweinew.com/NewsList.asp?ID=2129

[7] ttp://paper.yunnan.cn/html/20060519/news_89_144905.html

[8] ttp://www.lishifengyun.com/shiqianrewu/wudaishiguo/2990.html

[9] ttp://qcyn.sina.com.cn/news/yzjd/2012/0809/16583890498.html

[10] ttp://familytree.netor.com/?no=918

[11] ttp://dl.ynpost.com/MLDL/RWDL/200710/7401.html

[12] "Nanzhao State and Dali State". City of Dali.

[JSS_077_1c_DuYutingChenLufan-13] Du Yuting; Chen Lufan (1989). "Did Kublai Khan's Conquest of the Dali Kingdom Give Rise to the Mass Migration of the Thai People to the South?" (free). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol. 77.1c (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: 2–4. Retrieved March 17, 2013. ... Duan Xingzhi, the king of the Dali Kingdom, who originally showed resistance but later was willing to surrender, was bought over and made use of. As a result, the measures taken by the Mongolian aristocracy towards the king of the Dali Kingdom rapidly took effect. In 1255 and 1256 Duan Xingzhi was presented at court, offering Mengu ... maps of Yunnan and counsels about the vanquishing of the tribes who had not yet surrendered.... {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 39 (help)

[14] ttp://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_077_1c_DuYutingChenLufan_KublaiKhanConquestAndThaiMigration.pdf

[15] ttp://www.gutenberg-e.org/yang/chapter5.html

[MoteTwitchett1988-16] Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.

[17] ttp://www.gutenberg-e.org/yang/chapter4.html

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]