Haplodesmidae

Haplodesmidae
	Eutrichodesmus aster
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Diplopoda
Order:	Polydesmida
Superfamily:	Haplodesmoidea
Family:	Haplodesmidae; Cook, 1895
Genera
	See text
Synonyms
	Doratodesmidae Cook, 1896

Haplodesmidae is a family of millipedes in the order Polydesmida.^[1] This family includes about 70 species.^[2] Species occur in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania, although some species have been introduced to the New world tropics.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Description

Species in this family are small, usually less than 10 mm in length.^[2] The tergites are always very convex, often with elaborate sculpturing in the form of two to four transverse rows of tubercles.^[3] Many species are capable of volvation (rolling into a near-complete ball), but some are not.^[2]^[3] The ozopores appear on the dorsal surface of the paranota.^[2] The sterna are so narrow that the walking legs are contiguous where they emerge from the body. The gonopods emerge from an aperture that is relatively modest in size and shaped like a transverse oval. Species in this family hold their gonopods parallel to the main axis of the body in a considerable hollow in the middle of the ventral surface. The gonopods do not cross, even at the distal end.^[3]

Segmentation

This family includes some species that feature unusual deviations from the 20 segments (including the telson) normally observed in the order Polydesmida. For example, some species exhibit sexual dimorphism in segments number, including not only Prosopodesmus panporus and Eutrichodesmus peculiaris (adult females with the usual 20 segments, but adult males with only 19) but also Doratodesmus pholeter (adults females with 19 segments, adult males with 18).^[5] This family also includes two species notable for being among the few species in Polydesmida to feature only 18 segments in adults (both sexes in D. hispidus and males only in D. pholeter).^[5] Species arrive at these lower numbers of segments by going through the same stages of teloanamorphosis observed in other polydesmids but reaching maturity one moult earlier for 19 segments or two moults earlier for 18 segments.^[5]^[6]

Genera

The family Haplodesmidae includes the following genera:^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b "MilliBase - Haplodesmidae Cook, 1895". www.millibase.org. Retrieved 2024-08-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Enghoff, Henrik; Golovatch, Sergei; Short, Megan; Stoev, Pavel; Wesener, Thomas (2015-01-01), "Diplopoda — taxonomic overview", Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2, Brill, pp. 363–453, doi:10.1163/9789004188273_017, ISBN 978-90-04-18827-3, retrieved 2024-06-09
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Golovatch, Sergei; Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques; Mauriès, Jean-Paul; VandenSpiegel, Didier (2009). "Review of the millipede family Haplodesmidae Cook, 1895, with descriptions of some new or poorly-known species (Diplopoda, Polydesmida)" (PDF). ZooKeys (7): 1–53. doi:10.3897/zookeys.7.117.
^ Hoffman, Richard L. (1999). "Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America". Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication. 8: 1–553 [451–454] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
^ ^a ^b ^c Enghoff, Henrik; Dohle, Wolfgang; Blower, J. Gordon (1993). "Anamorphosis in Millipedes (Diplopoda) — The Present State of Knowledge with Some Developmental and Phylogenetic Considerations". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 109 (2): 103–234. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00305.x.
^ Shear, William A.; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes; Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti; Marek, Paul (2016-10-25). "A millipede missing link: Dobrodesmidae, a remarkable new polydesmidan millipede family from Brazil with supernumerary rings (Diplopoda, Polydesmida), and the establishment of a new suborder Dobrodesmidea". Zootaxa. 4178 (3): 371. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4178.3.4. ISSN 1175-5334 – via ResearchGate.

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[:0-1] "MilliBase - Haplodesmidae Cook, 1895". www.millibase.org. Retrieved 2024-08-26.

[:2-2] Enghoff, Henrik; Golovatch, Sergei; Short, Megan; Stoev, Pavel; Wesener, Thomas (2015-01-01), "Diplopoda — taxonomic overview", Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2, Brill, pp. 363–453, doi:10.1163/9789004188273_017, ISBN 978-90-04-18827-3, retrieved 2024-06-09

[Golovatch_et_al_2009-3] Golovatch, Sergei; Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques; Mauriès, Jean-Paul; VandenSpiegel, Didier (2009). "Review of the millipede family Haplodesmidae Cook, 1895, with descriptions of some new or poorly-known species (Diplopoda, Polydesmida)" (PDF). ZooKeys (7): 1–53. doi:10.3897/zookeys.7.117.

[4] Hoffman, Richard L. (1999). "Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America". Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication. 8: 1–553 [451–454] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.

[Enghoff_et_al_1993-5] Enghoff, Henrik; Dohle, Wolfgang; Blower, J. Gordon (1993). "Anamorphosis in Millipedes (Diplopoda) — The Present State of Knowledge with Some Developmental and Phylogenetic Considerations". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 109 (2): 103–234. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00305.x.

[6] Shear, William A.; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes; Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti; Marek, Paul (2016-10-25). "A millipede missing link: Dobrodesmidae, a remarkable new polydesmidan millipede family from Brazil with supernumerary rings (Diplopoda, Polydesmida), and the establishment of a new suborder Dobrodesmidea". Zootaxa. 4178 (3): 371. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4178.3.4. ISSN 1175-5334 – via ResearchGate.

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