Dry ice: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Liquid awesome.ppg.jpg|thumb|Dry ice pellet sublimating in water]] |
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[[Image:Dry ice.jpg|thumb|right|Dry ice block sublimating in air.]] |
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[[Image:Dry Ice Pellets Subliming.jpg|thumb|Small pellets of dry ice sublimating in air.]] |
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[[Image:Carbon dioxide pressure-temperature phase diagram.jpg|right|thumb|Carbon dioxide phase diagram]] |
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'''Dry ice''' is solid [[carbon dioxide]].<ref>{{cite web | title = dry ice| work = The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | year = 2000 | location = Boston | accessdate = 2007-08-21 | url = http://www.bartleby.com/61/51/D0405100.html}}</ref> It is commonly used as a versatile cooling agent. |
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Dry ice [[Sublimation (chemistry)|sublimates]], changing directly to a [[gas]] at atmospheric pressure. Its sublimation and deposition point is −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F). Its [[enthalpy of sublimation]] (Δ''H''<SUB>sub</SUB>) at −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F) is 571 kJ/kg (245 BTU/lb). Dry ice density is usually between 1.2 and 1.6 kg/dm³. The low temperature and direct sublimation to a gas makes dry ice an effective [[coolant]], since it is colder than [[water]] or [[ice]] and leaves no moisture as it changes state.<ref name="Solar Navigator">[http://www.solarnavigator.net/solar_cola/carbon_dioxide.htm Solar Navigator on Carbon Dioxide], retrieved 5 July 2007.</ref> Dry ice can [[Carbonated water|carbonate]] food that is nearby. |
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== History == |
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In [[1835 in science|1835]] the [[France|French]] [[chemist]] [[Charles Thilorier]] published the first account of dry ice.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Thilyorier and the First Solidification of a "Permanent" Gas (1835) |
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| author = Duane H. D. Roller; M. Thilorier |
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| journal = Isis |
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| volume = 43 |
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| issue = 2 |
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| year = 1952 |
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| pages = 109–113 |
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| url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-1753%28195207%2943%3A2%3C109%3ATATFSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9 | doi = 10.1086/349402 |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |
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| title = Solidification de l'Acide carbonique |
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| author = Charles Thilorier |
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| journal = Comptes rendus |
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| volume = 1 |
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| issue = |
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| year = 1835 |
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| pages = 194 |
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| language = French |
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| url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29606/f194.table |
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| doi = 10.1086/349402 |
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}}</ref> |
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Upon opening the lid of a large cylinder containing liquid carbon dioxide, he noted much of the carbon dioxide rapidly evaporated leaving solid dry ice in the container. Throughout the next 60 years, dry ice was observed and tested by scientists. |
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== Manufacture == |
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Dry ice is readily manufactured:<ref>{{cite web | publisher = | title = What is Dry Ice? | url =http://www.continentalcarbonic.com/dryice/}}</ref><ref name="uigi">{{cite web | publisher = Universal Industrial Gases, Inc. | title = Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) Properties, Uses, Applications: CO<sub>2</sub> Gas and Liquid Carbon Dioxide | url =http://www.uigi.com/carbondioxide.html}}</ref> |
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#Gases containing a high concentration of carbon dioxide are produced. Such gases can be a byproduct of some other process, such as producing [[ammonia]] and [[nitrogen]] from [[natural gas]], or large-scale [[fermentation]].<ref name = "uigi" /> |
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#Carbon dioxide-rich gas is pressurized and refrigerated until it changes into its liquid form. |
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# The pressure is reduced. When this occurs some liquid carbon dioxide vaporizes, and this causes a rapid lowering of temperature of the remaining liquid carbon dioxide. The extreme cold makes the liquid solidify into a snow-like consistency. |
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# The snow-like solid carbon dioxide is compressed into either small pellets or larger blocks of dry ice. |
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Dry ice is typically produced in two standard forms: blocks and cylindrical pellets. A standard block weighing approximately 30 kg is most common. These are commonly used in shipping, because they sublimate slowly due to a relatively small surface area. Pellets are around 1 cm in diameter and can be bagged easily. This form is suited to small scale use, for example at [[grocery store]]s and [[laboratory|laboratories]]. Dry ice is also not very expensive; it costs around [[United States dollar|US$]]2 or so per [[kilogram]].<ref name="ABC Ice House">[http://www.abcicehouse.com/Product.htm ABC Ice House], retrieved 11 March 2008</ref> |
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== Applications == |
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Dry ice is commonly used to package items that need to remain cold or frozen, such as ice cream, without the use of [[Refrigeration|mechanical cooling]]{{Fact|date=November 2008}}<!---How????--->. In medicine it is used to freeze [[warts]] to make removal easier.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Management of warts. |
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| author = Lyell A. |
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| journal = British medical journal |
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| volume = 2 |
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| issue = 5529 |
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| year = 1966 |
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| pages = 1576–9 |
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| pmid = 5926267}}</ref> In the construction industry it is used to loosen floor tiles by shrinking and cracking them, as well as to freeze water in valveless pipes to allow repair. In [[laboratories]], a slurry of dry ice in an [[organic solvent]] is a useful [[freezing mixture]] for cold [[chemical reactions]]. |
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Dry ice can also be used for making ice cream.<ref>{{cite news | last=Blumenthal | first=Heston | title=How to make the best treacle tart and ice cream in the world | publisher=The Sunday Times | date=2006-10-29 | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/heston_blumenthal/article607734.ece?print=yes | accessdate=2007-06-12 }}</ref> |
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Dry ice can be used in theatre productions in order to create the effect of dense fog. Unlike most artificial fog machines, which makes the fog rise up much like smoke, fog from dry ice crawls on the ground. |
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It can be used as bait to trap [[mosquito]]es and other insects<ref>{{cite journal | title = Comparative effectiveness of three adult mosquito sampling methods in habitats representative of four different biomes of California. |
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| author = Reisen WK, Boyce K, Cummings RC, Delgado O, Gutierrez A, Meyer RP, Scott TW. |
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| journal = J Am Mosq Control Assoc. |
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| volume = 15 |
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| issue = 1 |
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| year = 1999 |
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| pages = 24–31 |
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| pmid = 10342265 |
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}}</ref> |
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When dry ice is placed in water [[sublimation]] is accelerated, and low-sinking dense clouds of fog (smoke like) are created. This is used in [[fog machine]]s, at [[theater]]s, [[discoteque]]s, [[Haunted House]]s, and [[nightclub]]s for dramatic effects. When used in theatre productions it creates the effect of dense fog. |
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Dry Ice is also used in cloud seeding: the process of altering cloud precipitation. |
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=== Dry ice blasting === |
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[[Image:Dry-ice-09560.jpg|Dry ice pellets dropped in hot water|thumb]] |
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{{main|Dry ice blasting}} |
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One of the largest alternative uses of dry ice is blast cleaning. Dry ice pellets are shot out of a nozzle with compressed air. This can remove residues from industrial equipment. Examples of materials being removed include ink, glue, oil, paint, mold and rubber. Dry ice blasting can replace sandblasting, steam blasting, water blasting or solvent blasting. The primary environmental residue of dry ice blasting is the sublimed CO<sub>2</sub>, thus making it a useful technique where residues from other blasting techniques are undesirable.<ref>{{cite news | last=Wolcott | first=John | title=Ice-blasting firm offers a cool way to clean up | publisher=The Daily Herald Co., Everett, WA | date=[[2008-01]] | url=http://www.heraldbusinessjournal.com/archive/jan08/iceblasting-jan08.htm | accessdate=2008-01-20 }}</ref> |
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==Safety== |
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:''See also: [[Burn#Causes of burns]]'' |
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Dry ice can cause severe skin damage through [[cold burn]]s. It is especially dangerous because dry ice produces a lot of [[fog]], which can make it hard to see exactly where the dry ice is {{Fact|date=November 2008}}. Generally, airline passengers are not permitted to bring packages containing dry ice into an airplane cabin. |
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Dry ice sublimates into large quantities of carbon dioxide gas, which could displace oxygen-containing air and pose a danger of [[asphyxiation]]. Thus, it should only be exposed to open air in a well-ventilated environment. |
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== See also == |
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* [[Dry ice bomb]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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== External links == |
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* {{HSW|page=question264|name=How does dry ice work}} |
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* [http://www.dryiceinfo.com/ Dry ice info] |
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* [http://dry-ice-experiments.blogspot.com/ Dry Ice Experiment Videos] |
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* [http://www.sciencecastle.com/sc/index.php/scienceexperiments/search?p=0&t=a&v=mr&c=0&cl=13 Dry Ice Experiments] |
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* [http://www.west.net/~science/co2.htm Dry Ice Experiments] |
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* [http://www.fun-science-project-ideas.com/Cool-Science-Projects.html Science Projects using Dry Ice] |
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* [http://www.icefoundry.org/how-stirling-engine-works.php Stirling Engine running on Dry Ice] |
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<!-- French wikipedia : the dry ice is include in the article "Dioxyde de carbone". --> |
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[[Category:Carbon dioxide]] |
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[[Category:Coolants]] |
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[[Category:Refrigerants]] |
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[[ar:ثلج جاف]] |
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[[ca:Gel sec]] |
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[[da:Tøris]] |
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[[de:Trockeneis]] |
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[[es:Hielo seco]] |
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[[fr:Dioxyde de carbone]] |
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[[ko:드라이아이스]] |
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[[it:Ghiaccio secco]] |
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[[he:קרח יבש]] |
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[[hu:Szárazjég]] |
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[[ml:ഡ്രൈ ഐസ്]] |
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[[nl:Droogijs]] |
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[[ja:ドライアイス]] |
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[[no:Tørris]] |
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[[pl:Suchy lód]] |
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[[pt:Gelo seco]] |
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[[ru:Сухой лёд]] |
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[[sd:خُشڪ بَرفَ]] |
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[[sk:Suchý ľad]] |
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[[fi:Hiilidioksidi#Kuivajää]] |
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[[sv:Torris]] |
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[[zh-yue:乾冰]] |
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[[zh:乾冰]] |
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