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Electronic visual display

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An electronic visual display, informally a screen, is a display device for presentation of images, text, or video transmitted electronically, without producing a permanent record. Electronic visual displays include television sets, computer monitors, and digital signage. They are also ubiquitous in mobile computing applications like tablet computers, smartphones, and information appliances.

Classification

Electronic visual displays present visual information according to the electrical input signal (analog or digital) either by emitting light (then they are called active displays) or, alternatively, by modulating available light during the process of reflection or transmission (light modulators are called passive displays).

Electronic visual displays
Active displays Passive displays
present visual information by emitting light present visual information by modulating light
Effect Liquid crystal display (LCD) + backlight
(this combination is considered an active display) 		LCD
Example LCD TV screen, LCD computer monitor LCD watch (reflective)
see LCD classification
Effect Cathodoluminescence Electrophoresis
also see Electronic paper
Example Cathode ray tube (CRT)
Field emission display (FED)
Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD)
Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) 		Research & manufacturing:
E Ink electronic paper displays
SiPix Microcup Electronic Paper
Effect Electroluminescence Electrochromism
Example (thin or thick film) electro-luminescence (EL)
(inorganic or organic) light emitting diode (LED, OLED)

gas discharge display (Nixie tube) 		Research & manufacturing:
ntera NanoChromics Technology
Effect Photoluminescence Electrowetting
Example Plasma display panel (PDP) Research & manufacturing:
Liquavista
Effect Incandescence
 Electromechanical modulation
Example Numitron, a 7-segment numerical display tube Numitron website flap display
flip-disk display
digital micromirror device (DMD)
Interferometric modulator display (IMOD)
FTIR (unipixel)
telescopic pixel display

Display mode of observation

Electronic visual displays can be observed directly (direct view display) or the displayed information can be projected to a screen (transmissive or reflective screen). This usually happens with smaller displays at a certain magnification.

Display modes of observation
Direct view display Projection display
transmissive mode of operation front-projection (with reflective screen)
e.g. video projector
reflective mode of operation rear-projection (with transmissive screen)
e.g. rear projection television screen
transflective mode of operation
(e.g. transflective LCD) 		retinal projection (with or without combiner)
e.g. head mounted display

A different kind of projection display is the class of "laser projection displays", where the image is built up sequentially either via line by line scanning or by writing one complete column at a time. For that purpose one beam is formed from three lasers operating at the primary colors, and this beam is scanned electro-mechanically (galvanometer scanner, micro-mirror array)) or electro-acousto-optically.

Layout of picture elements

Depending on the shape and on the arrangement of the picture elements of a display, either fixed information can be displayed (symbols, signs), simple numerals (7-segment layout) or arbitrary shapes can be formed (dot-matrix displays).

Layout of picture elements
Segmented displays
characters, numbers and symbols of fixed shape (may be multiplex addressed)
The following layouts are well known:
Seven-segment display
Fourteen-segment display
Sixteen-segment display 		Dot-matrix displays
sub-pixels are arranged in a regular 2-dimensional array
(multiplex addressing required); arbitrary shapes can be formed and displayed

Emission and control of colors

Colors can be generated by selective emission, by selective absorption, transmission or by selective reflection.

Color emission and control
additive mixing
primary colors add up to produce white light 		subtractive mixing
filters, dyes, pigments (e.g.printing) subtract (absorb) parts of white light
temporal mixing (additive)
e.g. rotating primary color filter wheel in projectors 		spatial mixing (additive)
closely spaced sub-pixels
spatio temporal color mixing
combined spatial and temporal mixing[1]
arrangement of sub-pixels
for additive color mixing
see sub-pixel arrangements 1
see sub-pixel arrangements 2
see sub-pixel arrangements 3 		subtractive color mixing does not require special sub-pixel arrangements
all components (e.g. filters) have to be in the same path of light.
Examples:
stripe
delta-nabla
PenTile arrangement, e.g. RGB+White

Addressing modes

Each sub-pixel of a display devices must be selected (addressed) in order to be energized in a controlled way.

Addressing modes (selection of picture elements)
direct addressing
each individual picture element has electrical connections to the driving electronics. 		multiplexed addressing
several picture elements have common electrical connections to the driving electronics,
e. g.. row and column electrodes when the picture elements are arranged in a two dimensional matrix.
active matrix addressing
active electronic elements added in order to improve selection of picture elements.
  • thin-film diodes (TFDs)
  • thin-film transistors (TFTs)
    • amorphous silicon (a-Si)
    • polycrystalline silicon (p-Si)
    • monocrystalline silicon
 passive matrix addressing
the nonlinearity of the display effect (e.g. LCD, LED)is used to realize the addressing of individual pixels in multiplex addressing. In this mode only a quite limited number of lines can be addressed. In the case of (STN-)LCDs this maximum is at ~240, but at the expense of a considerable reduction of contrast.
The matrix of active electronic elements can used in transmissive mode of operation (high transmittance required) or a non-transparent active matrix can be used for reflective LCDs (e.g. liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS)).|

Display driving modes

Driving modes (activation of picture elements)
voltage driving
activation of pixels by voltage (e.g. LCD field effects). If the current is low enough this mode may be the basis for displays with very low power requirements (e.g. μW for LCDs without backlight). 		current driving
activation of pixels by electric current (e.g. LED).

See also

References

  1. ^ Louis D. Silverstein, et al., Hybrid spatial-temporal color synthesis and its applications, JSID 14/1(2006), pp. 3–13

Further reading

  • Pochi Yeh, Claire Gu: "Optics of Liquid Crystal Displays", John Wiley & Sons 1999, 4.5. Conoscopy, pp. 139
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