Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome
| Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Rheumatology  |
Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome (EMS) is an incurable and sometimes fatal flu-like neurological condition that is believed to have been caused by ingestion of poorly produced L-tryptophan supplements.[1][2] Similar to regular eosinophilia, it causes an increase in eosinophil granulocytes in the patient's blood.[3][4]
History
See also tryptophan and EMS.
Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome was first recognized after the doctors of 3 American women with mysterious symptoms talked together in 1989. However, many people became ill as long as 2–3 years before the illness was reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in November 1989. Rheumatologists experienced a large surge of new patients with mysterious symptoms during this period. It is possible that as many as 60,000 individuals became ill from using L-tryptophan. Additionally, when first marketed, 27 people died.
Some epidemiologist studies[5][6][7] traced the cause to consumption of L-tryptophan from a single Japanese manufacturer, Showa Denko.[8] The company supplied the majority of L-tryptophan to the United States under various brand names. There was evidence that new batches of L-tryptophan may have been improperly prepared. First, the specific bacterial culture used to synthesise this tryptophan had recently been genetically engineered to greatly increase tryptophan production. The increased concentrations of tryptophan in the fermentor may in turn have led to increased production of trace impurities. It is also likely that contaminants were increased because the L-Tryptophan producing bacteria were being grown in an open vat in a fertilizer factory. Second, shortcuts had been taken in the purification process to reduce costs. For example, a purification step that used charcoal adsorption to remove impurities had been modified to reduce the amount of charcoal used. It is possible that one or more of these modifications and/or the environment for manufacture allowed new or greater impurities through the purification system. More than 60 different impurities were identified in the L-tryptophan lots which had been associated with cases of EMS.
The specific impurity (or impurities) responsible for the toxic effects was never firmly established, however two compounds, EBT (1,1'-ethylidene-bis-L-tryptophan) and MTCA (1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid), which are close chemical relatives of L-tryptophan were implicated.[9][10][11][12]
Regardless of the origin of the toxicity, L-tryptophan was banned from sale in the US in 1991; and other countries followed suit. In February 2001, the FDA loosened the restrictions on the marketing of tryptophan (though not on importation). The supplement 5-HTP (a hydroxylated form of tryptophan and a precursor to serotonin) remains widely available.
Alternative theory
An alternative explanation for tryptophan associated EMS has recently been proposed.[13] Consumption of large doses of tryptophan leads to production of metabolites, some of which may interfere with normal histamine degradation. Furthermore, excessive histamine activity has been linked with blood eosinophilia and myalgia.
See also
- Toxic oil syndrome
- Cattle Health Initiative (British)
References
- ^ Bolton P, Lindgren CE, Redmon GL (1991). "A mystery ailment revealed". American Fitness. 9 (5 (Sept-Oct)): 34–5. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Lindgren CE, Walker LA, Bolton P (1991). "L-tryptophan induced eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome". Journal of the Royal Society of Health. 111 (1): 29–30. doi:10.1177/146642409111100111. PMID 2005606.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Spitzer WO, Haggerty JL, Berkson L, Davis W, Palmer W, Tamblyn R, Laprise R, Mulder LJ (1996). "Analysis of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome in a geographically defined population". The Journal of rheumatology. Supplement. 46: 73–9, discussion 79–80. PMID 8895183.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Blackburn WD (1997). "Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome". Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 26 (6): 788–93. doi:10.1016/S0049-0172(97)80022-4. PMID 9213377.
- ^ Slutsker L, Hoesly FC, Miller L, Williams LP, Watson JC, Fleming DW (1990). "Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with exposure to tryptophan from a single manufacturer". JAMA. 264 (2): 213–7. doi:10.1001/jama.264.2.213. PMID 2355442.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Back EE, Henning KJ, Kallenbach LR, Brix KA, Gunn RA, Melius JM (1993). "Risk factors for developing eosinophilia myalgia syndrome among L-tryptophan users in New York". J. Rheumatol. 20 (4): 666–72. PMID 8496862.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kilbourne EM, Philen RM, Kamb ML, Falk H (1996). "Tryptophan produced by Showa Denko and epidemic eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome". The Journal of rheumatology. Supplement. 46: 81–8, discussion 89–91. PMID 8895184.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling, and Dietary Supplements (2001-02-01). "FDA/CFSAN - Information Paper on L-tryptophan and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan". U S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Mayeno AN, Lin F, Foote CS, Loegering DA, Ames MM, Hedberg CW, Gleich GJ (1990). "Characterization of "peak E," a novel amino acid associated with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome". Science (journal). 250 (4988): 1707–8. doi:10.1126/science.2270484. PMID 2270484.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Harati Y (1994). "Chapter 17: Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome and its relationship to toxic oil syndrome". In de Wolff FA, Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW (ed.). Intoxications of the nervous system. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 20 (64). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. ISBN 0-444-81283-0.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1990-11-02). "Update: Analysis of L-Tryptophan for the Etiology of Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; 39(43):789-790. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Sidransky H, Verney E, Cosgrove JW, Latham PS, Mayeno AN (1994). "Studies with 1,1'-ethylidenebis(tryptophan), a contaminant associated with L-tryptophan implicated in the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome". Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 126 (1): 108–13. doi:10.1006/taap.1994.1096. PMID 8184420.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Smith MJ, Garrett RH (2005). "A heretofore undisclosed crux of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome: compromised histamine degradation". Inflamm. Res. 54 (11): 435–50. doi:10.1007/s00011-005-1380-7. PMID 16307217.