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Epidemic models on lattices

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Classic epidemic models of disease transmission are described in Epidemic model and Compartmental models in epidemiology. Here we discuss the behavior when such models are simulated on a lattice.

Introduction

The mathematical modeling of epidemics was originally implemented in terms of differential equations, which effectively assumed that the various states of individuals were uniformly distributed throughout space. To take into account correlations and clustering, lattice-based models have been introduced. Grassberger [1] considered synchronous (cellular automaton) versions of models, and showed how the epidemic growth goes through a critical behavior such that transmission remains local when infection rates are below critical values, and spread throughout the system when they are above a critical value. Cardy and Grassberger [2] argued that this growth is similar to the growth of percolation clusters, which are governed by the "dynamical percolation" universality class (finished clusters are in the same class as static percolation, while growing clusters have additional dynamic exponents). In asynchronous models, the individuals are considered one at a time, as in kinetic Monte Carlo or as a "Stochastic Lattice Gas."

SIR model

In the "SIR" model, there are three states:

  • Susceptible (S) -- has not yet been infected, and has no immunity
  • Infected (I)-- currently "sick" and contagious to Susceptible neighbors
  • Removed (R), where the removal from further participation in the process is assumed to be permanent, due to immunization or death

It is to be distinguished from the "SIS" model, where sites recover without immunization, and are thus not "removed".

The asynchronous simulation of the model on a lattice is carried out as follows:

  • Pick a site. If it is I, then generate a random number x in (0,1).
  • If x < c then let I go to R.
  • Otherwise, pick one nearest neighbor randomly. If the neighboring site is S, then let it become I.
  • Repeat as long as there are S sites available.

Making a list of I sites makes this run quickly.

The net rate of infecting one neighbor over the rate of removal is λ = (1-c)/c.

For the synchronous model, all sites are updated simultaneously (using two copies of the lattice) as in a cellular automaton.

Lattice z cc λc = (1 - cc)/cc
2-d asynchronous SIR model triangular lattice 6 0.199727(6),[3] 0.249574(9)
2-d asynchronous SIR model square lattice 4 0.1765(5),[4] 0.1765005(10) [5] 4.66571(3)
2-d asynchronous SIR model honeycomb lattice 3 0.1393(1) [3] 6.179(5)
2-d synchronous SIR model square lattice 4 0.22 [6] 3.55

Contact process (asynchronous SIS model)

I → S with unit rate; S → I with rate λnI/z where nI is the number of nearest neighbor I sites, and z is the total number of nearest neighbors (equivalently, each I attempts to infect one neighboring site with rate λ)

(Note: S → I with rate λn in some definitions, implying that lambda has one-fourth the values given here).

The simulation of the asynchronous model on a lattice is carried out as follows, with c = 1 / (1 + λ):

  • Pick a site. If it is I, then generate a random number x in (0,1).
  • If x < c then let I go to S.
  • Otherwise, pick one nearest neighbor randomly. If the neighboring site is S, then let it become I.
  • Repeat

Note that the synchronous version is the same as the directed percolation model.

Lattice z λc
1-d 2 3.2978(2),[7] 3.29785(2) [8]
2-d square lattice 4 1.6488(1),[9] 1.64874(2),[10] 1.64872(3),[7] 1.64877(3) [11]
2-d triangular lattice 6 1.54780(5) [12]
2-d Delaunay triangulation of Voronoi Diagram 6 (av) 1.54266(4) [12]
3-d cubic lattice 6 1.31685(10),[13] 1.31683(2),[7] 1.31686(1) [11]
4-d hypercubic lattice 8 1.19511(1) [7]
5-d hypercubic lattice 10 1.13847(1) [7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Grassberger, Peter (1983). "On the critical behavior of the general epidemic process and dynamical percolation". Mathematical Biosciences. 63 (2): 157–172. doi:10.1016/0025-5564(82)90036-0.
  2. ^ Cardy, John; Grassberger, Peter (1985). "Epidemic models and percolation". J. Phys. A. 18 (6): L267. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/18/6/001.
  3. ^ a b de Souza, David; Tânia Tânia; Robert Ziff. To be published. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ^ de Souza, David; Tânia Tomé (2010). "Stochastic lattice gas model describing the dynamics of the SIRS epidemic process". Physica A. 389 (5): 1142–1150. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2009.10.039.
  5. ^ Tomé, Tânia; Robert Ziff. "On the critical point of the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered model". arXiv:1006.2129.
  6. ^ Arashiro, Everaldo; Tânia Tomé (2007). "The threshold of coexistence and critical behaviour of a predator–prey cellular automaton". J. Phys. A. 40 (5): 887–900. doi:10.1088/1751-8113/40/5/002.
  7. ^ a b c d e Sabag, Munir M. S.; Mário J. de Oliveira (2002). "Conserved contact process in one to five dimensions". Phys. Rev. E. 66: 036115. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.66.036115.
  8. ^ Dickman, Ronald; I. Jensen (1993). "Time-dependent perturbation theory for non-equilibrium lattice models". J. Stat. Phys. 71 (1/2): 89–127. doi:10.1007/BF01048090.
  9. ^ Moreira, Adriana; Ronald Dickman (1996). "Critical dynamics of the contact process with quenched disorder". Phys. Rev. E. 54 (4): R3090–R3093. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.54.R3090.
  10. ^ Vojta, Thomas; Adam Fraquhar; Jason Mast (2009). "Infinite-randomness critical point in the two-dimensional disordered contact process". Phys. Rev. E. 79 (1): 011111. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.79.011111.
  11. ^ a b Dickman, Ronald (1999). "Reweighting in nonequilibrium simulations". Phys. Rev. E. 60 (3): R2441–R2444. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.60.R2441.
  12. ^ a b de Oliveira, Marcelo M.; S. G. Alves; S. C. Ferreira; Ronald Dickman (2008). "Contact process on a Voronoi triangulation". Phys. Rev. E. 78: 031133. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.78.031133.
  13. ^ Moreira, Adriana G.; Ronald Dickman (1992). "Critical behavior of the three-dimensional contact process". Phys. Rev. E. 45 (2): R563–R566. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.45.R563.

Further reading

  • J. Marro and R. Dickman (1999). Nonequilibrium Phase Transition in Lattice Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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