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Erich Przywara

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Erich Przywara (12 October 1889, Kattowitz – 28 September 1972, Hagen near Murnau) was a Jesuit priest of German-Polish origin and a prominent Catholic philosopher and theologian of the twentieth century. He is best known for advocating the metaphysical principle of the analogy of being—analogia entis—as a formal principle of Catholic philosophy and theology.

Life

Przywara (pron. pshih-VA-ra) was born in 1889 to a Polish father and a German mother in the upper Silesian (Prussian) town of Kattowitz, today Katowice in Poland. Due to anti-Jesuit laws still in effect in Germany, in 1908 he entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus in Exaten, Netherlands, concluding his philosophical and theological studies at nearby Ignatius College in Valkenburg. From 1913 to 1917 Przywara taught at Stella Matutina, in Feldkirch, Austria, where he also served as the prefect of music. In 1920 he was ordained and in 1922 and in 1922 he moved to Munich, where from 1922-1941 he was part of the editorial team of the journal Stimmen der Zeit.

During this period, Przywara held hundreds of lectures all over central Europe, most famously at the Davos seminar in 1928 and 1929. He was also extremely prolific, authoring between 1922 and 1932 as many as 17 books and 230 articles and reviews (and eventually over 40 books and 800 articles and reviews). During this time he also engaged in ecumenical dialogue with the Protestant theologian Karl Barth, who considered Przywara to be his most serious opponent, indeed "the giant Goliath incarnate," inviting Przywara to his seminars in 1929 (in Münster) and 1931 (in Bonn).[1]

On the political front Przywara preached against the Nazis,[2] calling the Nazi regime a "distortion of the Christian imperium of the past";[3] and in 1934, in the spirit of the Barmen declaration, he published an article in which he repudiated the notion of a "people’s church" or Volkskirche, writing that Christians belong ultimately not to any particular people, German or otherwise, but to Christ.[4] At some point thereafter the Gestapo began to keep tabs on Przywara as a leader of the Catholic resistance, leading to an anxious condition from which he never fully recovered. In the words of Thomas O’Meara, "The priest who had appeared to possess energy without limits became anxious, incapable of work, and erratic, a condition only heightened by the opinions of others that it was partly psycho-somatic, exaggerated, or easily remedied."[5] Przywara’s anxieties turned out to be well founded, however, as in 1941 his editorial office in the Veterinärstrasse was shut down by the Nazis. Nevertheless, he remained active and for the duration of the war was commissioned by Cardinal Faulhaber with the pastoral care of elderly academics in Munich. He also gave regular lectures in the old Bürgersaal and conducted small seminars in private residences on such topics as Hölderlin, Nietzsche, and Rilke. His health, though, continued to decline, leading to multiple interventions by his erstwhile student and lifelong friend Hans Urs von Balthasar, who in 1947 attempted to bring him to Switzerland. Such plans ultimately failed, however, and in 1950 Przywara retired from community religious life in Munich to live in the country in a little village called Hagen, near Murnau. Between 1949 and 1955 he briefly returned to the public spotlight, giving a series of radio talks for the Südwestdeutsche Rundfunk, some of which were later published. During this time he also published some of his wartime manuscripts and lectures, and in the last years of his life he authored a number of new works. He died in 1972 and was interred at the Jesuit cemetery in Pullach.

Early theological inspiration

While the concept of the analogy of being is not original to Przywara (having originated in the schools of the Catholic orders), with Przywara the concept undergoes a dramatic enrichment that is fed, on the one hand, by his love of "music as form" and by his early readings of Augustine, Dionysius the Areopagite, Thomas Aquinas, and John Henry Newman.

From his early musical training he came to appreciate the contrapuntal theme of a unity and rhythmic interplay of opposites.[6] On the basis of his reading of Augustine, who speaks of God as both interior and superior to the soul,[7] Przywara presented the Catholic concept of God in terms a mysterious simultaneity and interplay of divine immanence and transcendence. From Dionysius he came to emphasize God’s "dazzling darkness", thereby giving his doctrine of analogy a final, apophatic stress.[8] From Aquinas, beginning with his study of Thomas’s De ente et essentia, he appropriated the fundamental ontological distinction between essence and existence and the equally important distinction between primary and secondary causality (secondary causation). And, finally, from Newman he appropriated the idea of "opposite virtues", as seen, for example, in the complementarity of "loving fear" and a "fearing love".[9] At the same time, Przywara was reading, among other things, Goethe, Franz von Baader, Simmel, and Troeltsch, all of whom helped him to formulate his doctrine of analogy as a dynamic polarity[10] – a polarity that registers both the creaturely tension between essence and existence as well as the tension between divine immanence and divine transcendence.[11] Thus for Przywara the term "analogy" came to be more or less synonymous with what he also calls "unity-in-tension".

Theological and Philosophical Engagements

As a synthesizer of Catholic tradition, Przywara was one of the first Catholic theologians to engage creatively and critically with the modern world, defending Catholicism on two main fronts: one philosophical, the other theological (and ecumenical). On the philosophical front, he was one of the first Catholic thinkers to engage modern phenomenology, in particular the philosophies of Edmund Husserl, Max Scheler, and Martin Heidegger. On the theological front, he was one of the first Catholic theologians to engage in dialogue with Karl Barth, opposing Barth’s early theology with the analogy of being as the Catholic answer to Protestant dialectics.

Doctrine of Analogy

Przywara’s understanding of the analogy of being is set forth principally in his 1932 work, Analogia Entis, which has only recently appeared in English translation.[12] For Przywara, following the teaching of Thomas Aquinas, the distinction between essence and existence runs through the whole of created reality, indeed, it defines created reality in its difference from God, the creator, whose essence is to be; and therein, for Przywara, lies the ground of the analogy of being. Its theological expression, however, he found best summarized in the teaching of the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, according to which "for every similarity between Creator and creature, however great, one must always observe an ever greater dissimilarity between them" (inter creator et creaturam non potest tanta similitudo notanda, quin inter eos non sit maior dissimilitudo notanda).[13] It was in this sense, Przywara maintained, that the analogia entis remains a formal principle of Catholic theology.

Late Works

Przywara’s later work was both a refinement and radicalization of themes within his earlier theology. In Humanitas (1952), for instance, Przywara continued his analysis of modern theology and philosophy, in this case focusing on anthropology in particular. Just like his earlier Himmelreich (1922/23), Przywara also continued writing exegetical works. He planned to write commentaries on the Gospels, but in the end, only published a commentary on the Gospel of John (Christentum gemäß Johannes; 1954) while his writings on Matthew remain unpublished. Equally, Alter und Neuer Bund (1956), whose initial form was a series of talks given in Berlin, Vienna, and Munich during World War II, explores the relationship between the Old and New Testament. Przywara offers a theological diagnosis of the times through his Mariological, ecclesiological, and Christological readings of the Old Testament. In this work Przywara calls the cross of Christ the ‘energetic’ which powers the transition between the old and the new covenant.[14]

The late Przywara, particularly in his Logos, Abendland, Reich, Commercium (1964), also developed a theology of the commercium, or "wondrous exchange." The idea of the commercium comes from the O admirabile commercium sung at the Vigil of Epiphany. The commercium stands as a summary of all the "exchanges" within the New Testament: that in Jesus Christ the free, righteous, and blessed God becomes a servant, sin, and suffers death so that an enslaved, sinful, and suffering humanity might be freed, made righteous, and inherit eternal life. Equally important, however, is the connubium, or the nuptial union between Christ and believers.[15]

National Socialism

It has been insinuated that there is "Volk theology and anti-Semitism" in Przywara's early work. Paul Silas Peterson claims on the basis of questionable evidence that in 1936 Przywara "seems to endorse the Nazi dictatorship in collaboration with Catholicism."[16] Peterson claims that Przywara saw the "Jews in a Zionist world conspiracy in America and Russia."[17] In 1932, in his Analogia Entis, Przywara criticizes "Jewish messianism".[18] However, such serious and defamatory allegations have been refuted by more careful research, in light of, among other things, Przywara’s early rejection of anti-Semitism as "grotesque," his pioneering dialogue with leading rabbis in Frankfurt in the 1920s, and his friendly correspondence with the leading rabbi in Berlin, Leo Baeck -- not to mention his collaboration with bishops like Preysing and Faulhaber who were known defenders of the Jews and courageously resisted the Nazis. While Przywara does not smooth over differences between modern Jewish and Christian world views, neither is there in his work any trace of personal anti-semitism. Nor is there any sympathy for the Nazis. On the contrary, he labored in difficult circumstances as an editor of Stimmen der Zeit against Nazi propaganda, was at one point egged by Nazi sympathizers, and during the war was deemed suspect and investigated by the regime, indeed by Himmler himself, who apparently judged Przywara's lectures to be too intellectual to constitute a significant threat.[19]

Influence and Reception

Przywara was an important influence upon Karl Rahner, who gave the laudatio for Przywara in 1967, and especially upon Hans Urs von Balthasar, who regarded him as an "unforgettable guide and master."[20] He was at the same time an esteemed teacher of the Catholic philosopher Josef Pieper and a friend and mentor to the now canonized philosopher Edith Stein. While Przywara’s reception in modern Catholic theology was generally positive, and his importance to Hans Urs von Balthasar enduring, his doctrine of the analogy of being was fiercely challenged by Karl Barth, who saw in it a kind of natural theology and therefore rejected it, calling it the "invention of Antichrist" and the "chief reason for not becoming Catholic."[21] This issue continues to define the ecumenical debate between Reformed and Catholic Christians.

References

  1. ^ John Betz, "Translator's Introduction," in Erich Przywara, Analogia Entis: Metaphysics: Original Structure and Universal Rhythm, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 2014, p. 23
  2. ^ Robert Krieg, Catholic Theologians in Nazi Germany, p. 94
  3. ^ Thomas O’Meara, Erich Przywara, p. 8
  4. ^ See "Nation, Staat, und Kirche," Stimmen der Zeit 125 (1934): 377; Analogia Entis, "Introduction," p. 25
  5. ^ O’Meara, Erich Przywara, p. 9
  6. ^ Analogia Entist, p. 12.
  7. ^ Augustine, Confessions, bk III, 6.
  8. ^ Analogia Entis, p. 233.
  9. ^ Kenneth Oakes, "Three Themes in Przywara's Early Theology", The Thomist 74:2 (2010), pp. 283-310.
  10. ^ Analogia Entis, p. xx.
  11. ^ Analogian Entis, p. 59.
  12. ^ Erich Przywara, Analogia Entis: Metaphysics: Original Structure and Universal Rhythm, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 2014.
  13. ^ Denzinger-Schönmetzer, 806.
  14. ^ Kenneth Oakes, "The Cross and the analogia entis in Erich Przywara," in Thomas Joseph White (ed)., The Analogy of Being: Wisdom of God or Invention of the Antichrist (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2011), p. 159.
  15. ^ Oakes,"The Cross and the analogia entis in Erich Przywara."
  16. ^ Paul Silas Peterson, "Erich Przywara on Sieg-Katholizismus, bolshevism, the Jews, Volk, Reich and the analogia entis in the 1920s and 1930s," in Journal for the History of Modern Theology 19 (2012), pp. 104-140, 114.
  17. ^ Peterson, "Erich Przywara on Sieg-Katholizismus," 131.
  18. ^ Przywara, Analogia Entis, 166.
  19. ^ Aaron Pidel, S.J., "Erich Przywara, S.J., and 'Catholic Fascism': A Response to Paul Silas Peterson," Martin Ederer, "Stimmen der Zeit and the Nazis, 1933-1935," and John Betz, "Translator's Introduction," in Erich Przywara, Analogia Entis: Metaphysics: Original Structure and Universal Rhythm, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 2014, pp. 25-26.
  20. ^ Stephen Wigley, Balthasar's Trilogy, London: Continuum, 2010, p. 15.
  21. ^ The Christian Theology Reader, 3rd Edition, ed. Alister McGrath, Wiley-Blackwell, London 2006, pp. 171.

Selected Major Works

  • Eucharistie und Arbeit (1917)
  • Einführung in Newmans Wesen und Werk (1922)
  • Religionsbegründung. Max Scheler—J.H. Newman (1923)
  • Gottgeheimnis der Welt (1923)
  • Gott (1926)
  • Religionsphilosophie katholischer Theologie (1926; translated into English as Polarity, 1935)
  • Ringen der Gegenwart, 2 vols. (1929)
  • Analogia entis: Metaphysik (1932)
  • Augustinus. Die Gestalt als Gefüge (1934)
  • Deus semper maior. Theologie der Exerzitien, 3 vols. (1938)
  • Crucis mysterium. Das christliche Heute (1939)
  • Humanitas. Der Mensch gestern und morgen (1952)
  • Christentum gemäß Johannes (1954)
  • In und Gegen. Stellungnahmen zur Zeit (1955)
  • Alter und Neuer Bund. Theologie der Stunde (1956)
  • Logos, Abendland, Reich, Commercium (1964)

Bibliography

  • John Betz, "Translator's Introduction," in Erich Przywara, Analogia Entis: Metaphysics: Original Structure and Universal Rhythm, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 2014, pp. 1–116.
  • Julio César Terán Dutari, Christentum und Metaphysik: Das Verhaltnis beider nach der Analogielehre Erich Przywaras (1889–1972) (Munich: Berchmanskolleg Verlag, 1973).
  • Julio César Terán Dutari, "Erich Przywaras Deutung des religionphilosophischen Anliegens Newmans," Newman Studien VII (Nurnberg: Glock und Lutz, 1952).
  • Paul Silas Peterson, "Erich Przywara on Sieg-Katholizismus, bolshevism, the Jews, Volk, Reich and the analogia entis in the 1920s and 1930s," in Journal for the History of Modern Theology 19 (2012), pp. 104–140.
  • Thomas O’Meara, "Paul Tillich and Erich Przywara at Davos," in Gregorianum 87 (2006), pp. 227–238.
  • Kenneth Oakes, "The Cross and the analogia entis in Erich Przywara," in Thomas Joseph White (ed)., The Analogy of Being: Wisdom of God or Invention of the Antichrist?, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2011), pp. 147–71.
  • Kenneth Oakes, "Three Themes in Przywara's Early Theology", The Thomist 74:2 (2010), pp. 283–310.
  • James V. Zeitz, Spirituality and Analogia Entis According to Erich Pryzwara, S.J.: Metaphysics and Religious Experience, the Ignatian Exercises, the Balance in Rhythm in 'Similarity' and 'Greater Dissimilarity' According to Lateran IV (Washington D. C.: The University Press of America, 1982).
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