Extended vocal technique

Vocalists are capable of producing a variety of extended technique sounds. These alternative singing techniques have been used extensively in the 20th century, especially in art song and opera. Particularly famous examples of extended vocal technique can be found in the music of Luciano Berio, John Cage, George Crumb, Peter Maxwell Davies, Hans Werner Henze, György Ligeti, Demetrio Stratos, Meredith Monk, Giacinto Scelsi, Arnold Schoenberg, Salvatore Sciarrino, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Avi Kaplan, and Trevor Wishart.

Timbral techniques

Spoken

Spoken text is frequently employed. The term “parlando” is a similar direction which is somewhat out of date.

Sprechgesang

Sprechgesang is a combination singing and speaking. It is usually heavily associated with Arnold Schoenberg (particularly his Pierrot Lunaire which uses sprechgesang for its entire duration) and the Second Viennese School. Schoenberg notated sprechgesang by placing a small cross through the stem of a note which indicates approximate pitch. In more modern music “sprechgesang” is frequently simply written over a passage of music.

Falsetto

A vocal technique allowing the singer to sing notes higher then their modal vocal range.

Vocal tremolo

A vocal tremolo is performed by rapidly pulsing the air expelled from the singer’s lungs while singing a pitch. These pulses usually occur from 4-8 times per second.

Vocal trill

A vocal trill is performed by adding singing vibrato while performing a vocal tremolo.

Inhaling

Vocal sounds or even words can be produced while a singer is inhaling. This can create a strained or even humorous effect.

Overtones

By manipulating the vocal cavity, overtones may be produced. Although traditionally used in the traditional music of Mongolia, Tuva, and Tibet, overtones have also been used in the contemporary compositions of Karlheinz Stockhausen (Stimmung), as well as in the work of David Hykes.

Undertones

By carefully controlling the configurations of the vocal cords, a singer may obtain "undertones" or "subtones," which may produce period doubling, tripling or a higher degree of multiplication; this may give rise to tones that fairly coincide with those of an inverse harmonic series. Although the octave below is the most frequently used undertone, a twelfth below, and other lower undertones are also possible. This technique has been used most notably by Joan La Barbara.[1].However, undertones may be generated by processes that include more than the vocal folds. For instance, the ventricular folds (also called the "false vocal folds") may be recruited, probably by solely aerodynamic forces, and made vibrate with the vocal folds, generating undertones, like those found, for instance, in Tibetan low-pitched chant .

Multiphonics

By overstressing or by assimetrically contracting the laryngeal muscles, a multiphonic or chord may be produced. This technique features in the 1968 composition Versuch über Schweine by the German composer Hans Werner Henze. In voice pathology, there are various descriptions of somehow similar effects, such as found in patients with diplophonia, a disturb that produces a "double voice", i.e., two or even more simultaneous pitches.

Yodelling

Yodelling is performed by rapidly alternating between a singer's chest and head voice.

Ululation

Crooning

Singing with a soft emotional timbre.

Glottal sounds

A "frying"-type sound may be produced by means of the glottis. This technique has been frequently used by Meredith Monk.

Screaming

Growling

Buccal speech

A form of alaryngeal speech that has a high pitch that can be used for speaking and singing. It is most familiar as the voice of Donald Duck.

Mouth trumpet

Singing through the lips with the proper amount of tension Allowing the voice to sound like a trumpet

Non-vocal sounds

Besides producing sounds with the mouth singers can be required to clap or snap their fingers. This is usually notated by writing the appropriate word over a note. These gestures are sometimes written on a separate one line staff as well.

Artificial timbral changes

Inhalation of gases

Inhaled helium is occasionally used to drastically change the timbre of the voice. When inhaled, helium changes the resonant properties of the human vocal track resulting in a very high squeaky voice. In Salvatore Martirano’s composition L’s GA the singer is required to inhale from a helium mask.

Conversely, an unnaturally low voice may be achieved by asking the singer to inhale sulfur hexafluoride.

Artificial vocal enhancement

Amplification, possibly with electronic distortion of the voice is frequently used in contemporary composition. Through the use of various electronic distortion techniques the possibilities are nearly unlimited. A good example of this can be found in much of the music written and performed by Laurie Anderson.

Another interesting example of artificial vocal enhancement is found in Robert Newell’s Spirals in which the composers asks singers to use megaphones.

Singing into the piano

There are a number of pieces which require a singer to lean over a (sometimes amplified) piano and sing directly into the strings. If the strings are not dampened the effect is to start audible sympathetic vibrations in the piano. By far the most famous piece to use this technique is Ancient Voices of Children by George Crumb.

Notable performers using extended vocal techniques

References

Blatter, Alfred (1980). Instrumentation/Orchestration. New York: Schirmer Books.
Read, Gardner (1969). Music Notation. 2nd ed. Boston: Crescendo Publishing Co.
Edgerton, Michael Edward (2005). The 21st-Century Voice: Contemporary and Traditional Extra-Normal Voice. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.- ISBN 978-0-8108-5354-6
Fuks, Leonardo ; Hammarberg, Britta; Sundberg, John (1998): "A self-sustained vocal-ventricular phonation mode: acoustical, aerodynamic and glottographic evidences", KTH TMH-QPSR 3/1998, 49-59, Stockholm

External links

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v t e Musical techniques
General	Articulation Bowing Damping Double stop Extended technique Fingering Finger substitution Finger vibrato Glissando Harmonics Intonation Multiphonic Phrasing Pizzicato Position Slapping Stopped note Thumb position Tremolo Vibrato
Wind instruments	Saxophone technique Circular breathing Embouchure Flutter-tonguing Growling Harmonica technique Overblowing Slap tonguing Split tone Tonguing
Piano	Piano extended techniques Finger tapping Luthéal Three-hand technique Prepared piano String piano Tack piano
Bowed string instruments	Bowed string instrument extended technique Violin technique Cello technique Bariolage Pizzicato Bartók pizz. Col legno Free bowing Martelé Spiccato Two bows
Guitar	Downpicking Fingerstyle Flatpicking Picking Hybrid picking String bending Tambour Third bridge Prepared guitar
Harp	Prepared harp
Percussion	Snare drum technique Burton grip Cymbal choke Drum roll Stevens grip Rimshot
Human voice	Extended vocal technique Beatboxing Death growl Overtone singing Screaming Sprechgesang
Related articles	Étude
Category:Musical performance techniques