Schlumbergera truncata
| Schlumbergera truncata | |
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| Plate from Hooker's Exotic Flora | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Cactaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cactoideae |
| Genus: | Schlumbergera |
| Species: | S. truncata
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| Binomial name | |
| Schlumbergera truncata (Haw.) Moran
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| Synonyms | |
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See text | |
Schlumbergera truncata, the false Christmas cactus,[1] is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. Because it produces a flower, it also belongs to the taxonomic group Magnoliophyta and is thus considered an angiosperm.[2] It is endemic to a small area of the coastal mountains of south-eastern Brazil where its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist forests. It is the parent or one of the parents of the houseplants called Christmas cactus, Thanksgiving cactus or zygocactus, among other names.
Description
[edit]Schlumbergera truncata resembles other species of the genus Schlumbergera in that it has leafless green stems which act as photosynthetic organs. The stems (cladodes) are composed of strongly flattened segments, which have two or three "teeth" of varying shapes along their edges and at the ends. The ends of the stems are "cut off" (truncated) rather than pointed. Individual segments are about 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in) long by 1.5–3.5 cm (0.6–1.4 in) wide at full maturity. Variation in size frequently depends on age of segment and access to sunlight and water.[3]
Special structures characteristic of cacti, called "areoles", occur between two teeth at the end of segments. The areoles, which have brown wool and bristles up to 3 mm (0.1 in) long, are where the flower buds appear and additional segments grow. The flowers are held at a constant angle somewhat above the horizontal with the higher side different from the lower side (zygomorphic, specifically bilaterally symmetrical). The flowers are about 6.5–8 cm (2.6–3.1 in) long by 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in) across. There are six to eight tepals, which may be of various colours, including shades of red, orange, pink and white. The outer tepals (those at the base of the flower) are shorter and bent backwards, the inner tepals are longer and fused together at the base to form a floral tube; nectar is produced at the base of this tube. The lower inner petals are bent backwards so that the upper inner petals appear longer. Plants flower in the autumn: around May in their natural habitat, in October to November in cultivation in the Northern Hemisphere; short days and long nights are necessary to induce flowering.[3] Due to its unique flowering schedule, these structures are significant for differentiating between different Cactaceae species as they affect characteristics like nectar production and function.[4]
A characteristic of the genus Schlumbergera is that the many stamens are arranged in two series: the inner stamens form a ring around the style; the outer stamens arise from the floral tube. The filaments of the stamens are white, the anthers and pollen being yellow. The style has six to eight lobes at its end and is dark red.[3] Additionally, Schlumbergera truncata specifically has unique reproductive characteristics from that of Schlumbergera as a whole which includes varied seed development, germination, and fruit production.[5]
When ripe, the fruit is red, pear-shaped, and about 1.2 cm (0.5 in) long or exceptionally up to 2.3 cm (0.9 in) long. The shiny seeds are black, each with a diameter of about 1 mm (0.04 in).[3]
Taxonomy
[edit]Schlumbergera truncata is considered to be part of the Magnoliophyta taxonomic group and can also be referred to as an angiosperm.[2] The epithet truncata means "abruptly cut off", and refers to the shape of the ends of the stems.[6]
The species was first properly named for science by Haworth in 1819 as Epiphyllum truncatum. His name was based on living specimens growing at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1818. (However these do not appear to have been preserved, so an illustration published by W.J. Hooker in 1822 was designated as the "neotype" by N.P. Taylor.) Like others in the genus, the species was transferred to Zygocactus by Schumann in 1890, and then to Schlumbergera by Moran in 1953. Some other names in the genus Epiphyllum are now considered to be synonyms of S. truncata.[7]
- Cactus truncatus Hooker, nomen nudum
- Epiphyllum truncatum Haw.
- Cactus truncatus (Haw.) Link
- Cereus truncatus (Haw.) Sweet
- Zygocactus truncatus (Haw.) K.Schum.
- Epiphyllum altensteinii Pfeif.
- Zygocactus altensteinii (Pfeif.) K.Schum.
- Epiphyllum delicatum N.E.Br.
- Zygocactus delicatum (N.E.Br.) Britton & Rose
- Epiphyllum ruckeri Paxton
Epiphyllum bridgesii Lem., Schlumbergera bridgesii (Lem.) Loefgr. and Epiphyllum ruckerianum sensu Lem. have sometimes been treated as synonyms of S. truncata, but are regarded by David Hunt as synonyms of the hybrid S. × buckleyi.[7]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Schlumbergera truncata occurs only in a small area of the coastal mountains of south-east Brazil, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, located in the southernmost part of the tropics. Sites where it has been found include the Organ Mountains (Serra dos Órgãos) in the Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos and in the Serra do Mar near to the city of Rio de Janeiro. Plants grow at altitudes of 700–1,000 metres (2,300–3,300 ft). Because of their altitude and proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, the coastal mountains have high humidity – warm moist air is forced upwards into higher, colder locations where it condenses. S. truncata usually grows on trees (epiphytic),[3] or on rocks (epilythic).[8] The native status of S. truncata has become confused because European cultivars were deliberately introduced into some areas, including the Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, by the Brazilian Agricultural Department, to compensate for over-collecting of wild plants.[9] These climates are effective for Schlumbergera truncata due to its moisture content preferences. Humidity and moisture have significant affects on viability of pollen, thus shaping climate distribution for outdoor growth.[10]
Cultivation
[edit]Schlumbergera truncata is mainly grown as cultivars of the species or of its hybrids with other species of the genus, particularly S. russelliana. These plants and their cultivation are discussed at Schlumbergera: Cultivation. There are cultivation differences between Schlumbergera truncata and other Schlumbergera species largely because Schlumbergera truncata are the variety that grow outdoors rather than the houseplants which are grown and sold commercially. Some Schlumbergera truncata plants have self fertilizing abilities whereas the majority of Schlumbergera species are self-incompatible.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ NRCS. "Schlumbergera truncata". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- ^ a b Magallón, Susana (2009). "Flowering plants (Magnoliophyta)". The Timetree of Life. pp. 161–165. doi:10.1093/oso/9780199535033.003.0016. ISBN 978-0-19-953503-3.
- ^ a b c d e McMillan, A.J.S. & Horobin, J.F. (1995), Christmas Cacti : The genus Schlumbergera and its hybrids (p/b ed.), Sherbourne, Dorset: David Hunt, ISBN 978-0-9517234-6-3, pp. 18-23
- ^ Almeida, Odair J.G.; Cota-Sánchez, J. Hugo; Paoli, Adelita A.S. (October 2013). "The systematic significance of floral morphology, nectaries, and nectar concentration in epiphytic cacti of tribes Hylocereeae and Rhipsalideae (Cactaceae)". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 15 (5): 255–268. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2013.08.001.
- ^ Boyle, Thomas H.; Karle, Renate; Han, Susan S. (March 1995). "Pollen Germination, Pollen Tube Growth, Fruit Set, and Seed Development in Schlumbergera truncata and S. ×buckleyi (Cactaceae)". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 120 (2): 313–317. doi:10.21273/JASHS.120.2.313.
- ^ Coombes, Allen J. (1994), Dictionary of Plant Names, London: Hamlyn Books, ISBN 978-0-600-58187-1, p. 168
- ^ a b c Hunt, David (1995), "Appendix I Names and synonyms of the species, subspecies and interspecific hybrids", in McMillan & Horobin 1995, pp. 78–80
- ^ a b Anderson, Edward F. (2001), The Cactus Family, Pentland, Oregon: Timber Press, ISBN 978-0-88192-498-5, p. 625
- ^ McMillan & Horobin 1995, pp. 55
- ^ Boyle, Thomas H. (September 2001). "Environmental Control of Moisture Content and Viability in Schlumbergera truncata (Cactaceae) Pollen". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 126 (5): 625–630. doi:10.21273/JASHS.126.5.625.
- ^ Brown, D Paul (January 2011). "Self-Fertilization of a Schlumbergera truncata Cultivar: Breakdown of Self-incompatibility". Haseltonia. 16: 54–56. doi:10.2985/1070-0048-16.1.54.
