Fatty acid desaturase
| Fatty acid desaturase, type 1 | |||||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | Fatty_acid_desaturase-1 | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF00487 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR005804 | ||||||||
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| Fatty acid desaturase, type 2 | |||||||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||||||
| Symbol | Fatty_acid_desaturase-2 | ||||||||||
| Pfam | PF03405 | ||||||||||
| InterPro | IPR005067 | ||||||||||
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A fatty acid desaturase is an enzyme that removes two hydrogen atoms from a fatty acid, creating a carbon/carbon double bond. These desaturases are classified as
- delta - indicating that the double bond is created at a fixed position from the carboxyl group of a fatty acid (for example, Δ9desaturase creates a double bond at the 9th position from the carboxyl end).
- omega (e.g. ω3desaturase) - indicating the double bond is created between the third and fourth carbon from the methyl end of the fatty acid.
In the biosynthesis of essential fatty acids, an elongase alternates with different desaturases (for example, Δ6desaturase) repeatedly inserting an ethyl group, then forming a double bond.
Function
Maintain structure and function of membranes within cells of the organisms above. This is important when temperatures changes and the membrane is under distress. The enzyme creates the double bond C-Cs which allow the membrane to become more fluid and the temperature is decreased.[1] When temperatures change, a phase transition occurs. In the case of a temperature decrease, the membrane gels and becomes solid which can result in cracks and the imbedded proteins cannot partake in conformational changes, therefore it is important to maintain membrane fluidity.[2]
Role in human metabolism
Fatty acid desaturase appear in all organisms: for example, bacteria fungus plants animals and humans.[1] Four desaturases occur in humans: Δ9 desaturase, Δ6 desaturase, Δ5 desaturase, and Δ4 desaturase.
Δ9 desaturase, also known as stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, is used to synthesize oleic acid, a monounsaturated, ubiquitous component of all cells in the human body. Δ9 desaturase produces oleic acid by desaturating stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid either synthesized in the body from palmitic acid or ingested directly.
Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases are required for the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids such as eicosopentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (synthesized from α-linolenic acid), and arachidonic acid (synthesized from linoleic acid). This is a multi-stage process requiring successive actions by elongase and desaturase enzymes. The genes coding for Δ6 and Δ5 desaturase production have been located on human chromosome 11.
- Human fatty acid desaturases:
DEGS1; DEGS2; FADS1; FADS2; FADS3; FADS6; SCD4; SCD5
Vertebrates are unable to synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids because they do not have the necessary fatty acid desaturases to "convert oleic acid (18:1n-9) into linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid".[3] These polyunsaturated fatty acids are important for ideal health within humans and are essential for development. By creating desaturations at the Δ6 and Δ5 positions in the carbon backbone with the addition of an elongation allows the process of linoleic acid to achidonic acid and from α-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid to partake.[3]
Classification
Δ-desaturases are represented by two distinct families which do not seem to be evolutionarily related.
Family 1 includes Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD) (EC 1.14.19.1).[4]
Family 2 is composed of:
- - Bacterial fatty acid desaturases.
- - Plant stearoyl-acyl-carrier-protein desaturase (EC 1.14.19.1),[5] this enzyme catalyzes the introduction of a double bond at the delta(9) position of steraoyl-ACP to produce oleoyl-ACP. This enzyme is responsible for the conversion of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids in the synthesis of vegetable oils.
- - Cyanobacterial DesA,[6] an enzyme that can introduce a second cis double bond at the delta(12) position of fatty acid bound to membranes glycerolipids. DesA is involved in chilling tolerance; the phase transition temperature of lipids of cellular membranes being dependent on the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids of the membrane lipids.
Related Research
Kodama et al. (1994) found that an increased amount of trienoic fatty acids allow plants to become more tolerant to cold temperatures.[7] These trienoic fatty acids are associated with plant response to cold temperatures and allows the plant to adjust. They determined that transgenic tobacco plants that contained a fatty acid desaturase gene were able to tolerate low temperatures better than wild-type plants.[7]
References
- ^ a b Los, Dmitry A.; Murata, Norio (1998-10-02). "Structure and expression of fatty acid desaturases". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism. 1394 (1): 3–15. doi:10.1016/S0005-2760(98)00091-5.
- ^ Alberts, Bruce (2015). Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Science. p. 571. ISBN 978-0-8153-4453-7.
- ^ a b Hastings, Nicola; Agaba, Morris; Tocher, Douglas R.; Leaver, Michael J.; Dick, James R.; Sargent, John R.; Teale, Alan J. (2001-12-04). "A vertebrate fatty acid desaturase with Δ5 and Δ6 activities". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (25): 14304–14309. doi:10.1073/pnas.251516598. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 64677. PMID 11724940.
- ^ Lane MD, Ntambi JM, Kaestner KH, Kelly Jr TJ (1989). "Differentiation-induced gene expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. A second differentially expressed gene encoding stearoyl-CoA desaturase". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (25): 14755–14761. PMID 2570068.
- ^ Shanklin J, Somerville C (1991). "Stearoyl-acyl-carrier-protein desaturase from higher plants is structurally unrelated to the animal and fungal homologs". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (6): 2510–2514. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.6.2510. PMC 51262. PMID 2006187.
- ^ Wada H, Gombos Z, Murata N (1990). "Enhancement of chilling tolerance of a cyanobacterium by genetic manipulation of fatty acid desaturation". Nature. 347 (6289): 200–203. doi:10.1038/347200a0. PMID 2118597.
- ^ a b Kodama, H.; Hamada, T.; Horiguchi, G.; Nishimura, M.; Iba, K. (1994-06-01). "Genetic Enhancement of Cold Tolerance by Expression of a Gene for Chloroplast [omega]-3 Fatty Acid Desaturase in Transgenic Tobacco". Plant Physiology. 105 (2): 601–605. doi:10.1104/pp.105.2.601. ISSN 1532-2548. PMID 12232227.
Nakamura MT, Nara TY (2004). "Structure, function and dietary regulation of Δ6, Δ5 and Δ9 desaturases". Annual Review of Nutrition. 24 (24): 345–76. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.121803.063211. PMID 15189125.