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{{About|the holding company of Fiat Group|the subsidiary which produces Fiat branded cars|Fiat Automobiles|other uses|Fiat (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox company
| company_name = Fiat S.p.A.
| company_logo = [[File:Fiat.png|100px]]
| company_type = [[Joint stock company|Società per azioni]]
| traded_as = {{ISE|IT0001976403|F}}
| foundation = 11 July 1899 in [[Turin]], [[Italy]]
| founder = [[Giovanni Agnelli]]
| location = [[Turin]], Italy
| key_people = [[John Elkann]] <small>(Chairman)</small>, [[Sergio Marchionne]] <small>(CEO)</small>
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]<br/>Media
| products = Automobiles, [[commercial vehicles]], [[List of auto parts|auto parts]], newspapers, production systems
|production= 2,046,060 units <small>(automobiles and [[Light commercial vehicle|LCVs]], 2011)</small><ref name="AR2011" />
| revenue = {{Increase}} €59.559&nbsp;billion <small>(2011)</small><ref name="AR2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/investor_relations/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2011/Fiat_AnnualReport_2011_ENG.pdf |title=Annual Report 2011 |accessdate=23 May 2012 |publisher=Fiat S.p.A.}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{Increase}} €3.336&nbsp;billion <small>(2011)</small><ref name="AR2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/investor_relations/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2010/Relazione_Finanziaria_UK.pdf |title=Annual Report 2010 |accessdate=30 April 2011 |publisher=Fiat S.p.A.}}</ref>
| net_income = {{Increase}} €1.334&nbsp;billion <small>(2011)</small><ref name="AR2010" />
| assets = {{Increase}} €80.031&nbsp;billion <small>(end 2011)</small><ref name="AR2010" />
| equity = {{decrease}} €12.260&nbsp;billion <small>(end 2011)</small><ref name="AR2010" />
| num_employees = 137,800 <small>(end 2010)</small><ref name="AR2010" />
| subsid = {{Collapsible list|title=List<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiatspa.com/it-IT/group/structure/Pages/default.aspx |title=Struttura di Gruppo |publisher=Fiat S.P.A. |date= |accessdate=3 August 2012}}</ref>|
'''Automobiles'''
* [[Ferrari]] (90%)
* [[Maserati]]
* Fiat Group Automobiles
** [[Abarth]]
** [[Alfa Romeo]]
** [[Fiat Automobiles]]
** [[Fiat Professional]]
** [[Lancia]]''
* [[Chrysler]] (61.8%)
** [[Chrysler (division)|Chrysler]]
** [[Dodge]]
** [[Jeep]]
** [[Ram Trucks]]
** [[Mopar]]
**[[Street and Racing Technology|SRT]]
'''Components and production systems'''
* [[Fiat Powertrain]]
* [[Magneti Marelli]]
* [[Comau]]
* [[Teksid]] (84.8%)
'''Publishing and advertising'''
* Itedi
** ''[[La Stampa]]''
** [[Publikompass]]}}
| homepage = [http://www.fiatspa.com/ fiatspa.com]
| intl = yes
}}
'''Fiat S.p.A.''', (''Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino'')<ref>{{cite journal|last=Szczesny |first=Joseph R. |url=http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1895296,00.html |title=Here Come the Fiats: Vrooom |journal=Time |date=1 May 2009 |accessdate=7 May 2009}}</ref> (''Italian Automobile Factory of [[Turin]]''), is an Italian [[automaker|automobile manufacturer]] based in [[Turin]]. Fiat was founded in 1899 by a group of investors including [[Giovanni Agnelli]]. During its more than a century long history, Fiat has also manufactured railway engines and carriages, [[military vehicle]]s, and aircraft. As of 2009, the Fiat group (not inclusive of its subsidiary [[Chrysler]]) was the world's ninth largest carmaker and the largest in Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/ranking-2009.pdf |title=World Ranking of Manufacturers 2009 by production |publisher=OICA |accessdate=14 October 2012 }}</ref>

Fiat-based cars are built around the world. Outside Italy, the largest country of production is Brazil, where the Fiat brand is the market leader.<ref>[http://www.autoblog.it/post/9027/fiat-n1-in-brasile-a-maggio Fiat n.1 in Brasile (a maggio)] ''autoblog.it'' and [http://es.autoblog.com/2007/06/29/ventas-mayo-2007-brasil/ Ventas Mayo 2007: Brasil] ''es.autoblog.com''. Retrieved on 23 November 2007</ref> The group also has factories in Argentina and Poland and a long history of licensing production of its products in other countries. It also has numerous alliances and joint ventures around the world, the main ones being located in Italy, France, Turkey, Serbia, India and China.

Agnelli's grandson [[Gianni Agnelli]] was Fiat's chairman from 1966 until 1996; he then served as honorary chairman from 1996 until his death on 24 January 2003, during which time Cesare Romiti served as chairman. Until their removal, Paolo Fresco served as chairman and Paolo Cantarella as CEO. [[Umberto Agnelli]] then took over as chairman from 2003 to 2004. After Umberto Agnelli's death on 28 May 2004, [[Luca Cordero di Montezemolo]] was named chairman, with Agnelli heir [[John Elkann]] becoming vice chairman (at the age of 28), and other family members also serving on the board. At this point, CEO Giuseppe Morchio resigned, and [[Sergio Marchionne]] was named to replace him on 1 June 2004.

In September 2010, shareholders approved a plan to split Fiat's capital goods businesses from the group. Agricultural and construction equipment manufacturer [[CNH Global]] NV, truck maker [[Iveco]], and the industrial and marine division of [[Fiat Powertrain Technologies]] were spun off into a new group on 1 January 2011. The parent company, [[Fiat Industrial]] S.p.A., was listed on the Milan stock exchange on 3 January 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-51544720100916 |title=Fiat shareholders approve corporate split |date=16 September 2010 |author=Ian Simpson |agency=Reuters}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Fiat 3,5hp 1899.jpg|thumb|right|Fiat 3 ½ CV (1899)]]

Giovanni Agnelli founded F.I.A.T. in 1899 (changed to upper- and lower-case Fiat in 1906)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wingard|first=George F.|title=The Big-Block Fiats 1904-1914|journal=Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance program|year=2012|month=August|pages=148-153}}</ref> with several investors and led the company until his death in 1945, while [[Vittorio Valletta]] administered the firm's daily activities. Its first car the [[Fiat 4 HP|3 ½ CV]] (of which only eight copies were built, all bodied by [[Alessio (coachbuilder)|Alessio]] of Turin)<ref name="Georgano, p.24 cap">{{cite book|last=Georgano |first=G. N. |title=Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930 |location=London |publisher=Grange-Universal |year=1990 |page=24 }}</ref> strongly resembled contemporary [[Benz & Cie.|Benz]],<ref name="Georgano, p.24 cap">Georgano, p. 24 cap.</ref> and had a {{convert|697|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} boxer twin engine.<ref name="Georgano, p.24 cap"/> In 1903, Fiat produced its first truck.<ref name="drive.com.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=463|title=Fiat centenary something to crow over|accessdate=9 March 2008|author=Bob Jennings|work=drive.com.au}}</ref> In 1908, the first Fiat was exported to the US.<ref name="drive.com.au"/> That same year, the first Fiat aircraft engine was produced. Also around the same time, Fiat taxis became popular in Europe.<ref name="allaboutitaly.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutitaly.com/jumpNews.asp?idCannel=1981&idUser=0&idNews=23615|title=Fiat, a joint-stock company that soon become famous|accessdate=25 January 2008|work=allaboutitaly.com}}</ref> By 1910, Fiat was the largest automotive company in Italy&nbsp;— a position it has retained since. That same year, a plant licensed to produce Fiats in [[Poughkeepsie (city), New York|Poughkeepsie]], NY, made its first car. Owning a Fiat at that time was a sign of distinction. The cost of a Fiat in the US was initially $4,000<ref>Kimes, B. R. (editor) and Clark, H. A. jr.: ''The Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1805-1942'', 2nd ed. (Krause Publications, Iola WI) (1985), ISBN 0-87341-111-0, p. 38</ref> and rose up to $6,400 in 1918,<ref>Kimes/Clark (1985), p. 39</ref> compared to $ 825 for a [[Ford Model T]] in 1908,<ref>Kimes/Clark (1985), p. 551</ref> and $ 525 in 1918, respectively.<ref>Kimes/Clark (1985), p. 556</ref> Upon the entry of the US into World War I in 1917, the factory was shut down as US regulations became too burdensome. At the same time, Fiat had to devote all of its factories to supplying [[Allies of World War I|the Allies]] with aircraft, engines, machine guns, trucks, and ambulances. After the war, Fiat introduced its first tractor, the 702.<ref name="themanufacturer.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.themanufacturer.com/us/profile/4183/Case_New_Holland?PHPSESSID=c88bc|title=Case New Holland, Family history|accessdate=12 March 2008|work=themanufacturer.com}}{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref> By the early 1920s, Fiat had a market share in Italy of 80%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9034166/Fiat-SpA|title=Fiat SpA |publisher=britannica |accessdate=24 October 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Fiat corso dante.jpg|thumb|right|Corso Dante plant]]
[[File:Fiat Lingotto veduta-1928.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lingotto]] factory (1928)]]
[[File:Fiat 508 Balilla, advertisement, 1939, Netherlands.jpg|thumb|Advertisement, 1939]]
[[File:Fiat Mirafiori.jpg|thumb|right|Mirafiori plant]]
[[File:Lingotto-1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lingotto]] factory (today)]]
In 1921, workers seized Fiat's plants and hoisted the red flag of communism over them. Agnelli responded by quitting the company. However, the [[Italian Socialist Party]] and its ally organization, the [[Italian General Confederation of Labour]], in an effort to effect a compromise with the centrist parties ordered the occupation ended. In 1922, Fiat began to build the famous [[Lingotto]] car factory&nbsp;— then the largest in Europe &nbsp;— which opened in 1923. It was the first Fiat factory to use assembly lines; by 1925, Fiat controlled 87% of the Italian car market.<ref>Georgano, p.151</ref> In 1928, with the [[Fiat 509|509]], Fiat included insurance in the purchase price.<ref>Georgano, p.8</ref>

Fiat made military machinery and vehicles during World War II for the [[Italian Army|Army]] and ''[[Regia Aeronautica]]'' and later for the Germans. Fiat made obsolete fighter aircraft like the biplane [[Fiat CR.42|CR.42]], which was one of the most common Italian aircraft, along with [[Savoia-Marchetti]]s, as well as light tanks (obsolete compared to their German and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] counterparts) and armoured vehicles. The best Fiat aircraft was the [[FIAT G.55|G.55]] fighter, which arrived too late and in too limited numbers. In 1945&nbsp;— the year [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] was overthrown&nbsp;— the [[National Liberation Committee]] removed the Agnelli family from leadership roles in Fiat because of its ties to Mussolini's government. These were not returned until 1963, when Giovanni's grandson, [[Gianni Agnelli|Gianni]], took over as general manager until 1966, as chairman until 1996.

===Gianni Agnelli===

[[File:Sandro Pertini e Gianni Agnelli.jpg|thumb|left|Gianni Agnelli (in the center) and the Fiat board of directors meet Italian President [[Sandro Pertini]] (at his right) during an official visit to the new [[Sevel Sud|Sevel Val di Sangro]] factory, 1981.]]

Among the younger Agnelli's first steps after gaining control of Fiat was a massive reorganization of the company management, which had previously been highly centralized, with little provision for the delegation of authority and decision-making. Such a system was effective in the past, but lacked the responsiveness and flexibility needed by Fiat's steady expansion, and the growth of its international operations in the 1960s. The company was reorganized on a product-line basis, with two main product groups&nbsp;— one for passenger cars, the other for trucks and tractors&nbsp;— and a number of semi-independent division and subsidiaries. Top management, freed from responsibility for day-by-day operations of the company, was able to devote its efforts to more far-reaching goals. In 1967, Fiat made its first acquisition when it purchased [[Autobianchi]]; with sales amounting to $1.7&nbsp;billion, it outstripped Volkswagen, its main European competitor, and in 1968 produced some 1,750,000 vehicles while its sales volume climbed to $2.1&nbsp;billion. According to ''Newsweek'' in 1968, Fiat was "the most dynamic automaker in Europe...[and] may come closest to challenging the worldwide supremacy of Detroit." Then, in 1969, it purchased controlling interests in Ferrari and Lancia. At the time, Fiat was a [[conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]], owning [[Alitalia]], toll highways, a typewriter and office machine manufacturer, electronics and electrical equipment firms, a paint company, a civil engineering firm, and an international construction company. Following up on an agreement Valletta had made with Soviet officials in 1966, Agnelli constructed the [[AvtoVAZ]] plant in the new city of [[Togliattigrad]] on the [[Volga]]. This began operation in 1970, producing a local version of the [[Fiat 124]] as the [[Lada]]. On his initiative, Fiat automobile and truck plants were also constructed in industrial centers of [[Yugoslavia]], Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania.

Despite offering a relatively competitive range of cars, Fiat was not immune from the financial pressures that the auto industry confronted following the 1973 [[1973 oil crisis|oil price shock]]. Towards the end of 1976 it was announced that the Libyan government was to take a 9.6% shareholding in the company in return for a capital injection worth an equivalent of £250&nbsp;million.<ref name="Motor197612">{{cite journal|journal=Motor | authorlink = Roger Bell (Ed) |title =MotorWeek: Fiat's Arabian connection| page = Pages 18| date = 11 December 1976}}</ref> The size of the Libyan investment is apparent when it is compared to the £310&nbsp;million [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] loan that the Italian government was trying to negotiate at the time.<ref name=Motor197612/> Other aspects of the Libyan agreement included the construction of a truck and bus plant at [[Tripoli]].<ref name=Motor197612/> Chairman Agnelli candidly described the deal as "a classic petro-money recycling operation which will strengthen the Italian reserves, provide Fiat with fresh capital and give the group greater tranquility in which to carry out its investment programmes".<ref name=Motor197612/> Equally noteworthy was the fact that despite the dilutive effect of the Libyan investment on existing shareholders, the company's largest shareholder, the Agnelli family, retained a 30% stake in the recapitalised business.<ref name=Motor197612/>

In 1979, the company became a holding company when it spun off its various businesses into autonomous companies, one of them being Fiat Auto. That same year, sales reached an all-time high in the US, corresponding to the [[1979 energy crisis|Iranian Oil Crisis]]. However, when gas prices fell again after 1981, Americans began purchasing [[sport utility vehicle]]s, [[minivan]]s, and [[pickup truck]]s in larger numbers (marking a departure from their past preference for large cars). Also, Japanese automakers had been taking an ever-larger share of the car market, increasing at more than half a percent a year. Consequently, in 1984, Fiat and Lancia withdrew from the United States market. In 1989, it did the same in the Australian market, although it remained in New Zealand.

In 1986, Fiat acquired Alfa Romeo from the Italian government. Also, in 1986 15% of Fiat company stock was still owned by Libya, an investment dating back to the mid-seventies. US foreign policy under President Reagan's administration canceled a Pentagon contract to produce earth movers with Fiat and pressured the company into brokering a buyout of the Libyan investment. In 1992, two top corporate officials in the Fiat Group were arrested for political corruption.<ref name="query.nytimes.com/gst">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE2DF1630F93AA25757C0A965958260|title= Corruption at Fiat Is Admitted by Chairman |date=19 April 1993|first=Alan |last=Cowell |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=14 October 2012}}</ref> A year later, Fiat acquired Maserati. In 1995 Alfa Romeo exited the US market. Maserati re-entered the US market under Fiat in 2002. Since then, Maserati sales there have been increasing briskly.

===Paolo Fresco===
Paolo Fresco became chairman of Fiat in 1998 with the hope that the veteran of [[General Electric]] would bring more emphasis on shareholder value to Fiat. By the time he took power, Fiat's market share in Italy had fallen to 41%{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} from around 62% in 1984.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} However, a Jack Welch-like management style would be much harsher than that used by the Italians (e.g., precarious versus lifetime employment). Instead, Fresco focused on offering more incentives for good performance, including compensation using stock options for top and middle management.

However, his efforts were frustrated by union objections. Unions insisted that pay raises be set by length of tenure, rather than performance. Another conflict was over his preference for informality (the founder, Giovanni Agnelli, used to be a cavalry officer). He often referred to other managers by their first name, although company tradition obliged one to refer to others using their titles (e.g., "Chairman Fresco"). The CEO of the company, Managing Director Paolo Cantarella, ran the day-to-day affairs of the company, while Fresco determined company strategy and especially acted as a negotiator for the company. In fact, many speculated the main reason he was chosen for the job was to sell Fiat Auto (although Fresco fervently denied it).{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} In 1999, Fiat formed CNH Global by merging New Holland NV and Case Corporation.

===Business Strategy===
{{expand section|date=January 2012}}
The current CEO views alliances such as these as the deciding factor of the future success of Fiat. In 2005, Fiat was courting Ford.<ref name="economist.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_VNGPQTS|title=Sergio Marchionne, Fiat's turnaround man|accessdate=13 April 2008|year=1 December 2005 |work=The Economist |date=1 December 2005}}</ref>

As part of the recent divestitures, under the guidance of CEO Giuseppe Morchio in 2003 Fiat shed its insurance sector, which it was operating through Toro Assicurazioni to the DeAgostini Group. In the same year, Fiat sold its aviation business, FiatAvio to Avio Holding. In February 2004, the company sold its interest in Fiat Engineering, as well as its stake in Edison.

Fiat faces a multitude of threats, including rising steel prices (up by 16–30% beginning of 2008),<ref name="moneytoday.digitaltoday.in">{{cite web|url=http://moneytoday.digitaltoday.in/content_mail.php?option=com_content&name=print&id=3192|title=Ride the steel cycle|accessdate=13 April 2008|date=3 April 2008|work=moneytoday.digitaltoday.in}}</ref> a strong Euro, and increased competition from Japanese and South Korean car manufacturers in Europe. Although the light-vehicle market share of Japanese and South Korean automakers in Europe is less than in the US (12.5% and 3.9%, respectively versus 30% and 3.9% in the US), it has been increasing steadily at about a half a percent a year.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}
In April and May 2009, the possibility of a takeover of Adam Opel GmbH, a subsidiary of [[General Motors]], was discussed between the two companies. The deal fell through, and General Motors held on to Opel/Vauxhall.

===Sergio Marchionne===
[[File:Fiat 500 2007 front 20071020.jpg|thumb|right|Fiat 500]]
Sergio Marchionne has impressed investors since taking over as CEO in June 2004.<ref name="autoblog.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2006/11/09/sergio-marchionne-steps-down-as-fiat-ceo/|title=Sergio Marchionne steps down as Fiat CEO|accessdate=20 January 2009|work=autoblog.com}}</ref> Losses have fallen steadily since 2002, and Q4 of FY2005 saw its first profit in 17 quarters, and had a profit of €196M for the first 9 months of FY2006.<ref name="sec.edgar-online.com">{{cite web|url=http://sec.edgar-online.com/2006/06/30/0000950123-06-008493/Section5.asp|title=20-F SEC Filing, filed by Fiat S P A on 30 June 2006.|accessdate=5 April 2008|work=sec.edgar-online.com}}</ref> Mr. Marchionne has reduced Fiat's managerial bureaucracy and changed its tone to a focus on markets and profit. While the chairman, Luca di Montezemolo, dealt with politicians and unions, Marchionne rebuilt the car business. The success of the [[Fiat Grande Punto|Grande Punto]] model has in large part been responsible for the turnaround in Fiat's fortunes, but the quite successful Bravo (successor to the Stilo) and the award winning 500 have really cemented it. Fiat has formed a joint venture with India's [[TATA Motors]] and China's [[Chery Automobile|Chery motors]]. Under Marchionne it has also re-entered several large markets that it had exited years before, such as Mexico and Australia. In December 2008, Marchionne announced Fiat have to become one of the top five automakers to survive in the long run. In 2009, Fiat expressed interest in acquiring [[General Motors]]' [[Opel]] and South American operation. GM declined Fiat's offer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-27/marchionne-chasing-ghosn-finds-chrysler-no-nissan-in-first-year.html |title=Marchionne Chasing Ghosn Finds Chrysler No Nissan in First Year |date=27 April 2010 |author=Sara Gay Forden and Kae Inoue |publisher=Bloomberg Businesss Week }}</ref> In Marchionne´s leadership Fiat returned to the United States and Canada markets with the new 500.

<gallery>
Image:Fiat_John ELKANN.jpg|[[John Elkann]], Chairman of the Fiat Group
Image:Fiat_Sergio Marchionne.jpg|[[Sergio Marchionne]], Chief Executive Officer of Fiat Group
</gallery>

===Acquisition of Chrysler===
On 20 January 2009, Fiat S.p.A. and [[Chrysler|Chrysler LLC]] announced their intention to form a global alliance. Under the terms of the agreement, Fiat would take a 20% stake in Chrysler and gain access to its North American distribution network in exchange for providing Chrysler with technology and platforms to build smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles in the US and providing reciprocal access to Fiat's global distribution network.<ref name="autonews.com/">{{cite web |url= http://www.autonews.com/article/20090120/COPY01/301209861/1128|title=Fiat confirms plan to acquire 35% stake in Chrysler |accessdate=20 January 2009|work=autonews.com/|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20090124040826/http://www.autonews.com/article/20090120/COPY01/301209861/1128 |archivedate = 24 January 2009|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="italiaspeed.com/2009">{{cite web |url= http://www.italiaspeed.com/2009/cars/industry/01/chrysler/2001_statement.html|title=20.01.2009 Fiat to take equitiy stake in Chrysler as alliance is announced |accessdate=20 January 2009 |work=italiaspeed.com/2009}}</ref>

In addition, the proposed agreement would entitle Fiat to receive a further 15% (without cash consideration) through the achievement of specific product and commercial objectives. No cash or financial support was required from Fiat under the agreement. Instead it would obtain its stake mainly in exchange for covering the cost of retooling a Chrysler plant to produce one or more Fiat models for in the US. Fiat would also provide engine and transmission technology to enable Chrysler to introduce smaller, fuel-efficient models in the NAFTA market.
The deal was engineered by Fiat chief [[Sergio Marchionne]], who pulled the Italian group back from the brink of collapse after taking over in 2004. The principal objective of the partnership was to provide both groups with significantly enhanced economies of scale and geographical reach at a time when they were struggling to compete with larger and more global rivals such as [[Toyota]], [[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen]] and alliance partners [[Renault|Renault S.A.]] and [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]].<ref name="autonews.com/">{{cite news |url= http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123238519459294991.html?mod=special_page_campaign2008_mostpop | work=The Wall Street Journal |title= Fiat Nears Stake in Chrysler That Could Lead to Takeover | first1=Stacy |last1= Meichtry |first2= John |last2= Stoll |date= 20 January 2009}}</ref>

On 30 April 2009, Fiat announced the signing of a series of agreements to form a global strategic alliance with Chrysler,<ref name="Fiat Group and Chrysler enter into global strategic alliance">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/media_center/press_release/Pages/home.aspx?PYear=2009|title= Press release |publisher=Fiat}}</ref> with Fiat receiving an initial 20% stake and the option to further purchase/receive additional ownership interests in Chrysler, pursuant to certain conditions being met. Fiat's shareholding would be capped at 49%, however, until all government loans had been repaid.<ref name="fiatgroup.com/en-us/mediacentre">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiatgroup.com/en-us/mediacentre/press/Documents/2010/Clarifications_on_certain_issues_relating_to_the_Chrysler_Fiat_Alliance.pdf|title=Clarifications on certain issues relating to the Chrysler-Fiat Alliance|accessdate=6 December 2010|work=fiatgroup.com/en-us/mediacentre}}</ref><ref name="businessweek.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-01-04/fiat-may-increase-chrysler-stake-to-51-before-ipo.html|title=Fiat May Increase Chrysler Stake to 51% Before IPO|accessdate=4 January 2011|work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek }}{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref>

Fiat would not have to pay any money for its 20% of Chrysler. On 7 June 2009, the [[Indiana State Police]] Pension Fund, the Indiana Teacher's Retirement Fund, and the state's Major Moves Construction Fund asked the US Supreme Court to delay the sale of Chrysler to Fiat while they challenge the deal. The funds argued that the sale went against US bankruptcy law because it unlawfully rewarded unsecured creditors ahead of secured creditors.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8087637.stm Court asked to stop Chrysler sale], BBC, 7 June 2009</ref> On 9 June 2009, the Supreme Court lifted the temporary hold, clearing the way for Fiat to acquire Chrysler.<ref name="online.wsj.com/article">{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124453532783397365.html|title=Supreme Court Won't Block Chrysler-Fiat Deal|accessdate=9 June 2009|work=online.wsj.com/article | first1=Mark H. | last1=Anderson | first2=Neil | last2=King Jr | date=10 June 2009}}</ref> See [[Indiana State Police Pension Trust v. Chrysler]] for more information. On 10 June, the Supreme Court announced that Fiat was now an owner of the new Chrysler a.k.a. [[Chrysler|Chrysler Group LLC]].

Marchionne was appointed CEO of Chrysler following its emergence from bankruptcy proceedings. Under his leadership, Chrysler has taken on a structure similar to that of Fiat and has released, in quick succession, a large number of completely redesigned or refreshed vehicles.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} Fiat launched its [[Fiat 500 (2007)|500]], which had been available in Europe since 2007, in the [[Automotive industry in the United States|United States]] and [[Automotive industry in Canada|Canada]] in 2011, marking the company's return to the [[Automotive industry in the United States|American auto market]], which it had been absent from since 1984. Prior to this, Fiat's main presence on the continent was Mexico, where it offers a greater variety of products than in the United States and Canada.

On 10 January 2011, Fiat announced that it had increased its share in Chrysler from 20% to 25% following the achievement of the first of three performance objectives.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fiat increases ownership of Chrysler Group LLC|url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/media_center/FiatDocuments/2011/January/Fiat%20increases%20ownership%20of%20Chrysler%20Group%20LLC.pdf|publisher=Fiat}}</ref> On 11 April 2011, it announced achievement of the second performance objective, increasing its stake a further 5% to 30%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fiat increases ownership of Chrysler Group LLC|url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/media_center/FiatDocuments/2011/April/Fiat_increases_ownership_of_Chrysler_Group_LLC_from_25_to_30_percent.pdf|publisher=Fiat}}</ref> On 24 May 2011, Fiat announced that it had paid Chrysler US$ 1,268&nbsp;million for a further 16% interest, increasing its stake total stake to 46% (fully diluted). The transaction coincided with Chrysler refinancing its debt to the U.S. and Canadian governments.<ref name="Fiat 46%">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/media_center/FiatDocuments/2011/May/Fiat_increases_its_interest_in_Chrysler.pdf|title=Fiat increases its interest in Chrysler|accessdate=25 May 2011|work=fiatspa.com}}</ref> On 25 May autonews.com reported that Fiat could buy government stakes in Chrysler as soon as the end of July 2011, increasing its total stake to 54%.<ref name="Autonews Fiat 54%">{{cite web|url=http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110525/COPY01/305259817/1179|title=Fiat may buy government stakes in Chrysler soon, source says|accessdate=25 May 2011|work=autonews.com}}{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref>

In May 2011, it emerged that Fiat could actually increase its stake in Chrysler Group to more than 70 percent through the exercise of further options.<ref name="Chrysler 70">{{cite web|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2011/cars/industry/05/chrysler/1005_fiat_stake.html|title=SEC filings reveal Fiat can take its stake in Chrysler Group to over 70 percent|accessdate=11 May 2011|work=italiaspeed.com}}</ref>

In a regulatory filing dated 22 July 2011, the Michigan-based automaker reported that Fiat held a 53.5% interest (fully diluted). Fiat and Chrylser have both stated that they expect that interest to reach 58.5% by the end of 2011 as result of achievement of the third of the three performance objectives.<ref name="huffingtonpost">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/21/chrysler-bailout-taxpayers-treasury_n_905999.html?icid=maing-grid7|main5|dl12|sec1_lnk2|80262|title=SEC In Chrysler Bailout, Taxpayers Likely To Lose Up To $1.3 Billion: Treasury|accessdate=11 May 2011|work=italiaspeed.com|first=James|last=Sunshine}}</ref> In 5 January 2012 Fiat released press info that the ownership has increased to 58.5%.<ref name="Fiat's interest">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/media_center/FiatDocuments/2012/January/Fiat_increases_its_interest_in_Chrysler_Group_LLC_to_58,5_per_cent.pdf|title=Fiat increases its interest in Chrysler Group LLC to 58.5%|accessdate=5 January 2012|year=2012|work=fiatspa.com|format=PDF}}</ref> The stake was further increased to 61.8% in July 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20120704/BUSINESS01/207040333/Fiat-ownership-stake-in-Chrysler-to-increase-to-61-8- |title=Fiat ownership stake in Chrysler to increase to 61.8% &#124; Auto news &#124; Detroit Free Press |publisher=freep.com |date=4 July 2012 |accessdate=28 July 2012}}{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref>

===Partnership with Mazda===
In 2012, Fiat formed an alliance with Mazda to develop and build a new roadster for the Mazda and Alfa Romeo brands.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18171654|title= Fiat |accessdate=23 May 2012 | work=BBC News |date=23 May 2012}}</ref>

==Activities==
[[File:Fiat Group revenues 2009.png|thumb|right|300px|Fiat Group revenues by sector in 2009.]]
The group's activities were initially focused on the industrial production of cars, industrial and agricultural vehicles. Over time it has diversified into many other fields, and the group now has activities in a wide range of sectors in industry and financial services. It is Italy's largest industrial concern. It also has significant worldwide operations, operating in 61 countries with 1,063 companies that employ over 223,000 people, 111,000 of whom are outside Italy.

===Principal subsidiaries===
Fiat's principal operating subsidiaries (direct and indirect) include: Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. (FGA), [[Chrysler Group LLC]], Fiat Automoveis, S.A. (subsidiary of FGA); FGA Capital S.p.A. (a JV held 50% by FGA), [[Ferrari|Ferrari S.p.A.]], [[Maserati|Maserati S.p.A.]], Fiat Powertrain Technologies S.p.A., Magneti Marelli S.p.A., Teksid S.p.A., Comau S.p.A., Itedi-Italiana Edizioni S.p.A. (see 2010 Annual Report<ref>{{cite web|title=2010 Annual Report|url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/investor_relations/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2010/Relazione_Finanziaria_UK.pdf|publisher=Fiat S.p.A.}}</ref>).

===Automotive===
''For Fiat branded cars see [[Fiat Automobiles]]''
[[File:World locations of Fiat Group car manufacturing sites.png|thumb|left|300px|Global locations of Fiat Group automobile production sites, 2008. Including own plants, joint ventures and license production. Excluding Chrysler.]]

{| style="float:right;"
[[File:Fiat-new-500-front.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fiat 500 (2007)]]]]
[[File:Lancia Delta 2.0 Multijet 16V Aquablau-Lavaschwarz.JPG|thumb|right|[[Lancia Delta]]]]
[[File:Alfa Romeo 159 Norway.jpg|thumb|right|[[Alfa Romeo 159]]]]
[[File:Maserati Gran Turismo red2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Maserati GranTurismo]]]]
[[File:Ferrari 458 Italia.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ferrari 458 Italia]]]]
|}

Fiat is the largest vehicle manufacturer in Italy, with cars ranging from small Fiat [[city car]]s to sports cars made by Ferrari, and vans and trucks such as the [[Fiat Ducato|Ducato]]. Besides Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A, the Fiat Group automotive companies include [[Chrysler Group LLC]], [[Ferrari|Ferrari S.p.A.]] and [[Maserati|Maserati S.p.A.]] The Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. companies include: [[Abarth|Abarth & C. S.p.A.]], [[Alfa Romeo|Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A.]], [[Fiat Automobiles|Fiat Automobiles S.p.A.]], [[Fiat Professional]] and [[Lancia|Lancia Automobiles S.p.A.]]. [[Ferrari|Ferrari S.p.A.]] is 90% owned by the Fiat Group.<ref>{{cite web|title=Group Structure|url=http://www.fiatspa.com/en-US/group/structure/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=Fiat|accessdate=13 July 2011}}</ref>

The [[European Car of the Year]] award, Europe's premier automotive [[trophy]] for the past 40 years, has been awarded twelve times to the Fiat Group, more than any other manufacturer. Most recently the [[Fiat Nuova 500]] has won the award for [[European Car of the Year#Fiat Nuova 500 (2008)|European Car of the Year 2008]].<ref name="telegraph.co.uk/motoring">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/2749678/Fiat-Cinquecento-named-European-Car-of-the-Year.html|title=Fiat Cinquecento named European Car of the Year|accessdate=21 October 2009|work=telegraph.co.uk/motoring | location=London | date=24 November 2007}}</ref>

List of Fiat Group models which have won European Car of the Year:
* 1967: [[Fiat 124]]
* 1970: [[Fiat 128]]
* 1972: [[Fiat 127]]
* 1980: [[Lancia Delta]]
* 1984: [[Fiat Uno]]
* 1989: [[Fiat Tipo]]
* 1995: [[Fiat Punto]]
* 1996: [[Fiat Bravo/Brava]]
* 1998: [[Alfa Romeo 156]]
* 2001: [[Alfa Romeo 147]]
* 2004: [[Fiat Nuova Panda|Fiat Panda]]
* 2008: [[Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500]]

===Commercial vehicles===
On 17 April 2007 Fiat Automobiles' [[light commercial vehicle]] unit ''Fiat Veicoli Commerciali'' was rebranded as [[Fiat Professional]].<ref name="fiatgroupautomobilespress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiatgroupautomobilespress.com/index.php?l=2&group=4&method=news&action=zoom&id=20070417101055d7bc1d27084c359690eaf26134295b2d|title="Fiat Professional" is the new brand name for Fiat Light Commercial Vehicles|accessdate=9 March 2008|work=fiatgroupautomobilespress.com|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20090214121221/http://www.fiatgroupautomobilespress.com/index.php?l=2&group=4&method=news&action=zoom&id=20070417101055d7bc1d27084c359690eaf26134295b2d |archivedate = 14 February 2009|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Some of Fiat's light commercial vehicle products include the [[Fiat Ducato]], [[Fiat Scudo]] and [[Fiat Doblò]] Cargo.

Fiat's main commercial vehicles unit [[Iveco]] was demerged into [[Fiat Industrial]] at the beginning of 2011. This encompasses trucks (Iveco and [[Seddon Atkinson]]), buses (Iveco and [[Irisbus]]) and firefighting vehicles ([[Camiva]], Iveco and [[Magirus]]). For information on their military vehicles, see [[Ariete]].

===Components===
The major Italian component maker [[Magneti Marelli]] is owned by Fiat, and in turn owns the other brands Carello, Automotive Lighting, Siem, Cofap, Jaeger, [[Solex]], Veglia Borletti, Vitaloni, and [[Weber carburetor|Weber]]; other accessory brands include Brazilian Cofap.

===Metallurgical products===
Fiat owns Teksid S.p.A., the largest iron foundry group in the world with a production capacity of approximately 600,000 tons annually. The company was established in December 1978, and designs and produces cylinder blocks, cylinder heads, exhaust manifolds, drive shafts, camshafts and other components for automobiles and commercial vehicles.
Teksid, which is specialized in casting and processing iron, has plants in France, Portugal, Poland, Brazil, Mexico and China.
Since 2007, Teksid S.p.A. runs also Teksid Aluminum S.r.l. a company specialized in casting and producing auto components from aluminium alloys.

===Production systems===
Production systems are made mainly through [[Comau|Comau S.p.A.]] (now Comau Systems), which bought the American Pico, Renault Automation and Sciaky and produces industrial automation systems. In the 1970s and 1980s, the company became a pioneer in the use of industrial robotics for the assembly of motor vehicles. Fiat assembly plants are among the best automated and advanced in the world.

===Services===
An insurance company, Toro Assicurazioni, allowed Fiat to control a relevant part of this market (also with minor companies like Lloyd Italico) and to interact with some associated banks. Toro Assicurazioni was acquired by the giant insurance company [[Assicurazioni Generali]] and is no longer related to the Fiat Group. Fiat still retains control of [[Augusta assicurazioni]].

====Construction====
Ingest Facility and Fiat Engineering work in various fields of construction, while IPI is a mediation company that also deals with the management of real estate properties.

====Information technology====
Fiat Group is present in [[information technology|IT]] fields and in communications with ICT&nbsp;— Information & Communication Technology, Global Value, TeleClient, London and Atlanet.

===Publishing and communication===
Fiat group also owns important editorial brands, like ''[[La Stampa]]'' (created in 1926 for the famous newspaper), Itedi, and Italiana Edizioni. Some national and local newspapers are owned or otherwise controlled by the different companies. A specialised advertising space reseller is Publikompass, supported by the Consorzio Fiat Media Center.

===Other activities===
Fiat Gesco, KeyG Consulting, Sadi Customs Services, Easy Drive, RM Risk Management and Servizio Titoli are minor companies that work for public services, delivering services in economics and financial fields. Other activities include industrial securitisation (Consorzio Sirio), treasury (Fiat Geva), Fiat Information & Communication Services.

Fiat supports the ''Fondazione Giovanni Agnelli'', an important foundation for social and economic research. [[Palazzo Grassi]], a famous ancient building in [[Venice]], now a museum and formerly supported by Fiat, was eventually sold to the French businessman [[François Pinault]] in January 2005.

Fiat has recently begun sponsoring the Jamaican bobsledding team and promoting this sponsorship through commercials. Many like Jamaican athletes because they see them as underdogs and as people who enjoy life. While Volvo sponsors golf, Mercedes tennis, and Hyundai soccer, Fiat is trying to look unique and more light-hearted. Further, the team is relatively cheap to sponsor.<ref name="lastampa.it">{{cite web|url=http://www.lastampa.it/torino2006/cmsSezioni/newsinenglish/200602articoli/2439girata.asp|title=Bobsled Jamaican athletes playing "biliardino", or table mini soccer|accessdate=11 March 2008|work=lastampa.it}}{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref>

The group is present in many countries, not only in the West. Notably, it was one of the first companies to build factories in [[USSR|Soviet]] territory, with the best known examples in [[Vladivostok]], [[Kiev]] and [[Tolyatti|Togliatti]]. The Russian government later continued the joint venture under the name [[AutoVAZ]] (known as [[Lada]] outside the former USSR). The venture was most notable for the [[Lada Riva]]. Fiat also has a subsidiary in Poland at [[Tychy]], (formerly called FSM) where Fiat's small cars (the [[Fiat 126|126]], [[Fiat Cinquecento|Cinquecento]], [[Fiat Seicento|Seicento]], [[Fiat Nuova 500|Nuova 500]] and [[Ford Ka]]) and small diesel engines are made. Fiat also has factories in Argentina, Brazil, and Italy. In addition, its cars are produced through licensing and [[joint-venture]] agreements in China, Egypt, France, India, South Africa, Turkey, and Vietnam.<ref name="query.nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9d03e0d7123df931a2575ac0a96f958260&st=cse&sq=Fresco+Bring+Good&scp=2|title=Bringing Good Things to Fiat?|accessdate=11 March 2008|first=John |last=Tagliabue |work=query.nytimes.com | date=12 September 1999}}</ref> Local variants of Fiats are produced at these factories as well as a world car, the [[Fiat Palio|Palio]]. As of 2005, the company holds the first position in the Brazilian automobile market with a market share close to 25%.

Fiat has articulated that it wishes to focus on expanding into third-world markets because, in the words of former chairman Paolo Fresco, "those are the only markets where you can expect growth.<ref name="query.nytimes.com"/> And it is true that Fiat's specialization in smaller cars puts it at an advantage in those markets, but cars sold in third-world countries tend to be much simpler than those sold elsewhere (e.g., most lack air conditioning), and thus require much less money to develop.

Fiat is also present in the combat vehicle sector through a consortium between [[Iveco]] and [[OTO Melara]], their most notable product being the [[Light armoured vehicle|LAV]] [[B1 Centauro]].

===Former activities===
====Agricultural and construction equipment====
Fiat Group previously owned [[CNH Global]] (which includes Case Construction, [[Case IH]], Flexi-Coil, Kobelco, [[New Holland Agriculture|New Holland]], New Holland Construction, and Steyr); and Fiat-[[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]] Construction. This was demerged into [[Fiat Industrial]] at the start of 2011. CNH is the second largest agricultural equipment manufacturer in the world after [[Deere & Company]] and is also the third largest producer of construction equipment after [[Caterpillar Inc.]] and [[Komatsu Limited|Komatsu]]. When part of Fiat Group, CNH accounted for around 20% of its total revenues.<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aD5mCM6wwh88&refer=europe|title=Fiat Quarterly Profit Rises 26% on Car, Tractor Sales|accessdate=13 March 2008|publisher=Bloomberg | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/61DgBnuvy | archivedate = 26 August 2011| deadurl=no| date=24 January 2008}}</ref>

====Aviation and motorcycles====
[[File:Italian G-91T.jpg|thumb|right|Fiat G91T training aircraft]]
{{Main|Fiat Aviazione|Piaggio Aero}}

Fiat, as Fiat Aviazione, was an important aircraft manufacturer, focused mainly on military aviation. After World War I, Fiat consolidated several Italian small aircraft manufacturers, like [[Fabbrica Aeroplani Ing. O. Pomilio|Pomilio]] and [[Gio. Ansaldo & C.|Ansaldo]]. Most famous were Fiat biplane [[fighter aircraft]] of the 1930s, [[Fiat CR.32]] and [[Fiat CR.42]]. Other notable designs were fighters [[Fiat CR.20|CR.20]], [[Fiat G.50|G.50]], [[Fiat G.55|G.55]] and a bomber, the [[Fiat BR.20]]. In 1950s, the company designed the [[Aeritalia G.91|G.91]] light ground attack plane. In 1969, Fiat Aviazione merged with [[Aerfer]] to create [[Aeritalia]].

In 1959, [[Piaggio]] came under the control of the Agnelli family. In 1964, the aeronautical and motorcycle divisions split to become independent companies. The aeronautical division was named IAM Rinaldo Piaggio. Today the aeronautical company [[Piaggio Aero]] is controlled by the family of [[Piero Ferrari]], which also holds 10% of the carmaker [[Ferrari]].

{{main|Vespa}}
The motorcycle division, Vespa, thrived until 1992, when Giovanni Alberto Agnelli became CEO&nbsp;— but Agnelli was already suffering from cancer, and died in 1997. In 1999, [[Morgan Grenfell|Morgan Grenfell Private Equity]] acquired Piaggio.

====Rail transport====
[[Fiat Ferroviaria]], there has been a long history going back pre WW2 of Fiat motive power used for both Diesel and electric locomotives and railcars (Littorine) not only in Italy, but other parts of Europe, and in South America, but from the 1970s onward, more widely known throughout the world with their successful commercial development of the Pendolino [[tilting train]]s, the first working prototype four car set being run in the mid-1970s.
Fiat Ferroviaria was later sold to Alstom in the middle 1990s.

====Recreation====
The Fiat Group owned the [[Sestriere]] skiing facilities; the village in the [[Alps]] is a creation of the Agnelli family. The Sestriere skiing facilities were sold by the group in 2006.

==Enterprises outside Italy==
''See list of [[List of Fiat Group assembly sites|Fiat Group assembly sites]]''

Fiat was a key player in developing motor industries for a number of countries from the 1950s, particularly in Eastern Europe, Spain, Egypt, Ethiopia and Turkey. The [[AutoVAZ]] state works [[Lada]] products in Tolyatti (Togliatti), Russia, were Fiat based, as were SEAT products of Spain. Lada is now controlled by [[Renault]], and SEAT by [[Volkswagen]]. A small number of Fiats were built in Bulgaria. Among Fiat's earliest foreign assembly plants was one in [[Poughkeepsie, New York]], between 1910 and 1913. The building is now part of the [[Marist College]] campus.

===Fiat Automóveis (Brazil)===
[[File:Fiat 147 br.jpg|thumb|right|The 1979 Brazilian Fiat 147 was the first modern car to run on pure [[hydrous]] [[ethanol fuel]] ([[Neat alcohol fuel|E100]]).]]

Fiat Automóveis S.A., a subsidiary of Fiat S.p.A.,<ref name="hoovers.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Fiat_Autom%F3veis_sa/shftri-1.html|title=Fiat Automóveis s.a. • Betim, Minas Gerais Brazil|accessdate=24 September 2011|work=hoovers.com}}</ref> began making automobiles in Brazil in 1976 beginning with the production of the [[Fiat 147]], the Brazilian version of the Italian [[Fiat 127]], produced until 1986. More than 10,000,000 units have been produced in Fiat Automóveis factory in [[Betim]] since 1976,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carplace.virgula.uol.com.br/fiat-comemora-a-marca-de-10-milhoes-de-carros-produzidos-no-brasil |title=Fiat comemora a marca de 10 milhões de carros produzidos no Brasil &#124; Carplace&nbsp;— Portal do Automóvel |publisher=Carplace.virgula.uol.com.br |date=2 June 2009 |accessdate=1 January 2011}}</ref> plus 232,807 units in the Fiat Argentina plant of [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]]. The original factory, located in the city of [[Belo Horizonte]], cost $250 million to build. The state of [[Minas Gerais]] had a 10-20% stake in the company and also provided special economic benefits to Fiat.<ref name=Bloomie>{{cite book | title = The World Automotive Industry | last = Bloomfield | first = Gerald | publisher = David & Charles | location = Newton Abbot, Devon, UK | series = Problems in Modern Geography | isbn = 0-7153-7539-3 | year = 1978 | page = 249 }}</ref>

Launched in July 1979, the 147 was the first mass produced car that ran on [[ethanol fuel|ethanol]] as fuel instead of petrol.<ref name="Veja1979">{{cite web|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/idade/exclusivo/petroleo/130679.html |title=O petróleo da cana |first=Revista |last=Veja |publisher=[[Editora Abril]] |date=13 June 1979|accessdate=18 April 2009|language=Portuguese|authorlink=Revista Veja}}</ref><ref name="Lemos">{{cite web| url=http://www.icis.com/Articles/2007/02/12/4500680/the-brazilian-ethanol-model.html | author=William Lemos |title=The Brazilian ethanol model |publisher=ICIS news | date=5 February 2007 | accessdate=18 April 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Bastos">{{cite web| url=http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid=534 | author=Milton Briquet Bastos |title=Brazil’s Ethanol Program&nbsp;– An Insider’s View |publisher=Energy Tribune | date=20 June 2007 | accessdate=18 April 2009}}{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref> The performance slightly increased and fuel consumption was 30% higher but the cost of the alcohol was a quarter of the gasoline because, at that time, petrol had become expensive as a consequence of the [[1979 oil crisis]]. This version was nicknamed ''cachacinha'' (little [[cachaça]]) because it had the scent of that Brazilian drink.
[[File:Brazilian Fiat Siena TetraFuel four views.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Fiat Siena|Fiat Siena Tetrafuel]] 1.4 is a [[multifuel]] car that runs as a [[Flexible-fuel vehicle|flexible-fuel]] on pure gasoline, or [[E20 fuel|E20-E25 gasohol]], or pure ethanol ([[Neat alcohol fuel|E100]]); or as a [[bi-fuel vehicle|bi-fuel]] with [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]].]]
In October 1984 Fiat Automóveis introduce the [[Fiat Uno]], as a 1985 model. Currently, the car is sold as the Fiat Mille, as an entry-level model, and received its most recent facelift for the 2004 model year. From 1984 until 2006, up to 2,000,000 Fiat Unos were made in Brazil. The production of the world car&nbsp;— the [[Fiat Palio]] – began in 1996.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}

After the successful 2003 introduction of [[flexible-fuel vehicle]]s in the Brazilian market,<ref name="Fortune">{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/02/06/8367959/index.htm|title=How to Beat the High Cost of Gasoline. Forever! |publisher=Fortune |date= 24 January 2006|author=Adam Lashinsky and Nelson D. Schwartz|accessdate=18 April 2009}}</ref> Fiat Automóveis launched its first flex model in March 2004, the [[Fiat Palio]], followed by the [[Fiat Siena|Siena]] and [[Fiat Palio Weekend|Palio Weekend]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Mercado_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid=34471| author=Joel Leite |title=Fiat em 2004: 17 lançamentos |publisher=WebMotors | date=4 January 2005 | accessdate=18 April 2009| language=Portuguese}}</ref> Fiat sold 665,514 vehicles in Brazil in 2008,<ref name="ANFAVEA08v">{{cite web | url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela05_vendas.pdf|format=PDF| title= Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno Tipo e Empresa&nbsp;— Nacionais e Importados – 2008 (Tabela 05)|publisher=ANFAVEA&nbsp;— Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brasil)|accessdate=18 April 2009 |language=Portuguese}} ''Sales include 564,402 automobiles and 101,212 light-duty trucks, including imports.''</ref> allowing the carmaker to continue as the market leader for seven years in a row.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorclube.com.br/materias/por-7-anos-consecutivos-a-fiat-lider-de-vendas-no-brasil.aspx|title= Por 7 anos consecutivos a Fiat é líder de vendas no Brasil!|publisher=MotorClube|author=Christine Lepisto|date=7 January 2009 |accessdate=19 April 2009 |language=Portuguese }}</ref> Flex fuel automobiles represented almost 100 percent of the car sales in 2008, and 92 percent of all light-duty trucks sold.<ref name="ANFAVEA08flex">{{cite web | url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|format=PDF| title= Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa&nbsp;— Combustível Flex Fuel – 2008 (Tabela 08)|publisher=ANFAVEA&nbsp;— Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brasil)|accessdate=18 April 2009 |language=Portuguese}} ''Sales include 564.108 flex automobiles and 92.999 light-duty trucks, including imports from Argentina.''</ref>

In 2006 Fiat introduced the [[Fiat Siena|Fiat Siena Tetra fuel]], a four-fuel car developed under [[Magneti Marelli]] of Fiat Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/08/fiat_sienna_tetr.php|title= Fiat Siena Tetra Power: Your Choice of Four Fuels |publisher=Treehugger|first=Christine |last=Lepisto|date=27 August 2006 |accessdate=24 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Nouvelle-Fiat-Siena-2008-sans-complexe-359 |title=Nouvelle Fiat Siena 2008: sans complexe |publisher=Caradisiac | date=1 November 2007| accessdate=31 August 2008 | language=French }}</ref> This automobile can run as a [[Flexible-fuel vehicle|flex-fuel]] on 100% ethanol (E100); or on [[E20 fuel|E20-E25 blend]], Brazil's normal ethanol gasoline blend;<ref name="Portaria2007">{{cite web|url=http://extranet.agricultura.gov.br/sislegis-consulta/consultarLegislacao.do?operacao=visualizar&id=17886|title=Portaria Nº 143, de 27 de Junho de 2007|publisher=Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento|accessdate=5 October 2008|language=Portuguese}} This decree fixed the mandatory blend at 25% starting 1 July 2007</ref> on pure gasoline (though no longer available in Brazil since 1993,<ref name="Lei8723">{{cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil/leis/L8723.htm|title=Lei Nº 8.723, de 28 de Outubro de 1993. Dispõe sobre a redução de emissão de poluentes por veículos automotores e dá outras providências|publisher=Casa Civil da Presidência da República|accessdate=5 October 2008|language=Portuguese|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20110520121838/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil/leis/L8723.htm |archivedate = 20 May 2011|deadurl=yes}} See article 9º and modifications approved by Law Nº 10.696, 2 July 2003</ref><ref name="USP">{{cite web|url=http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-07052008-115336/|author=Julieta Andrea Puerto Rico|title=Programa de Biocombustíveis no Brasil e na Colômbia: uma análise da implantação, resultados e perspectivas|publisher=[[Universidade de São Paulo]]|date=8 May 2008|language=Portuguese|accessdate=5 October 2008}} PhD Dissertation Thesis, pp. 81–82</ref> it is still used in neighboring countries); or just on [[Compressed natural gas|natural gas (CNG)]]. The Siena Tetrafuel was engineered to switch from any gasoline-ethanol blend to CNG automatically, depending on the power required by road conditions.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Noticias_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid=36391 | author=Agência AutoInforme |title=Siena Tetrafuel vai custar R$ 41,9 mil |publisher=WebMotor | date=19 June 2006 | accessdate=14 August 2008 | language=Portuguese}} The article argues that even though Fiat called it tetra fuel, it actually runs on three fuels: natural gas, ethanol, and gasoline, as Brasilian gasoline is an E20 to E25 blend.</ref>
{{-}}

===Fiat Argentina===
Fiat has been present in Argentina since the beginning of the 20th century. There was a Fiat manufacturing plant in Córdoba at least as far back as 1954 when Fiat entered into a joint venture with two local companies to manufacture tractors. The company was known as Fiat-Concord until 1980. In 1959 the construction of a car plant in [[Caseros, Buenos Aires|Caseros]] was approved, and 1960 saw the production there of the first Argentinian produced Fiat passenger car, a [[Fiat 600]], after the [[Fiat 1100]] Export and after in 1963 the [[Fiat 1300/1500|Fiat 1500]]. In 1977 appears the Fiat 133, just a rebadged Seat 133 but made in Argentina. By 1978 a car manufacturing facility was well established in [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], producing [[Fiat 128]]s as well as two models which from the Italian perspective belonged in earlier decades, the [[Fiat 125|125]] (with some derivates) and the [[Fiat 600|600R]].<ref name="AutoMotoruSport1978">{{cite journal| title = Bunte Mischung: Wo und welche Fiat-Modelle in aller Welt produziert werden. | journal=Auto, Motor und Sport |volume=7 |page=15 |date=29 March 1978}}</ref>

In 1980 a joint venture with [[PSA Group|PSA]] called [[Sevel Argentina S.A.]] was begun, which lasted until 1995. The current day automobile manufacturing started with a new factory opened in [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] on 20 December 1996.<ref name="auto-historia.com.ar">{{cite web|url=http://www.autohistoria.com.ar/Historias/Fiat_Argentina.htm|title=Historia de Fiat en Argentina|language=Spain|accessdate=21 May 2009|work=auto-historia.com.ar}}</ref> From April 1997 the Siena and Palio models production started.

Production was suspended in the early 2000s as the Argentinean economy went downhill. In 2008 Fiat invested new money and the production of Fiat Siena saloon and the Fiat Palio was started. In October 2009, a Fiat Siena HLX becomes the 2 million unit produced by Fiat in Argentina. The Fiat Auto Argentina S.A. is Fiat S.p.A. owned company.<ref name="reuters.com/article">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/companyNewsAndPR/idUSN3046210520070530|title=Fiat Argentina to resume production of own model|accessdate=21 May 2009|work=Reuters |date=30 May 2007}}</ref>

===Fiat Serbia===
{{See Also|Zastava Automobiles}}
Its first enterprise came in 1955, when it agreed to a deal with [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] carmaker [[Zastava Automobiles|Zastava]] to assemble Fiats for Eastern Europe. The first cars produced by Zastava were its versions of the [[Fiat 1300]] and [[Fiat 1400]]. By 1970, Zastava was producing parts for the newer [[Fiat 124]] and [[Fiat 125]] models, which were assembled in Poland. The [[Zastava 750]], launched in 1962, was Zastava's version of the iconic [[Fiat 600]] [[City car|minicar]]. It outlived the car on which it was based, with production lasting until 1981. Zastavas were not popular outside of Eastern Europe before the 1980s, although they were exported to the US and several European countries under the Yugo brand during the 1980s.

The most famous product launched by Zastava is the [[Zastava 101]], a front-wheel drive car based on the [[Fiat 128]], also available as a [[hatchback]] version never sold in Italy. With the demise of the [[Zastava 750]] in 1981, the minicar gap in the Zastava range was filled by the [[Zastava Koral]], which was best known in Britain and America as the Yugo Tempo or Yugo 45/55. It was based on the 1971 [[Fiat 127]], which was due to be replaced by the [[Fiat Uno]] in 1983. Hostility towards Yugoslavia in the wake of the 1992 civil unrest saw a swift ending of imports to both Britain and America. The Zastava factory in [[Kragujevac]] was later bombed, but was rebuilt after the war ended, and production continued at another factory in [[Kragujevac]].

In 1987, Zastava came up with a new car design. The [[Zastava Florida]] – known in other markets as the [[Yugo Sana]] – was styled by [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]] at the [[ItalDesign]] studio, featured a range of refined [[Peugeot]] engines. Sales continued in its homeland, with an update at the end of the 1990s. Zastava did not launch another new car for another 16 years. The 2003 [[Zastava 10]] model was another Fiat design&nbsp;— this time the second generation [[Fiat Punto#Mark 2|Punto]], and in 2009 was renamed Fiat Punto Classic

A new memorandum of understanding between Fiat and the Serb ministry of economic and regional development about the acquisition of Zastava's Kragujevac plant in 2008 led to a new company being set up in which the Italians would have a 70 percent stake and the Serb government 30 percent.<ref name="forbes.com/feeds">{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2008/04/30/afx4951532.html|title=Fiat signs agreement with Serb govt to acquire Zastava's Kragujevac plant|accessdate=21 October 2009|work=forbes.com/feeds|date=30 April 2008|deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=August 2012|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> The factory was renamed from "Zastava Automobili Srbija" to "Fiat Automobili Srbija". In 2010 and 2011, FAS (Fiat Automobili Srbija) underwent large scale reconstruction for production of the [[Fiat 500L]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fiat opens 500L production line in Serbia|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/16/serbia-fiat-idUSL6E8FGAXC20120416|work=Reuters|accessdate=24 July 2012|date=16 April 2012}}</ref>

===Polski Fiat/FSO (Poland)===
{{refimprove section|date=March 2012}}
{{Update|type=section|date=May 2011}}
Fiat automobiles have been made in Poland since 1920. In 1932, the [[Polski Fiat|Polskie Zakłady Inżynieryjne (Polish Engineering Works, PZInż)]] started the production of [[Fiat 508]], produced until 1939 also as a military vehicle. In 1936 the licence was extended to include the [[Fiat 518]] model. In 1965, the Polish communist government signed a deal with Fiat to produce selected Fiat models in Poland at the [[Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]] factory in [[Warsaw]] that had been built in 1951. Production of the new car&nbsp;— the [[Polski Fiat 125p]] – began in 1967. It was visually identical to the [[Fiat 125]], but it made use of older Fiat mechanicals which dated back to 1960. The car sold well in its homeland and was soon exported to Western Europe. In 1978 it appeared on a new five-door hatchback, the [[FSO Polonez]], that made use of Fiat 125p [[running gear]]. After 1982, Fiat withdrew its licence; since then FSO badge was reinstated.

The [[Polski Fiat 125p]] design survived until 1991, by which time almost 1,500,000 had been made in less than 25 years. It was a cheap competitor for similar Eastern European budget cars, and by the time of its demise, many Eastern European carmakers were adopting modern Western style designs in place of the archaic [[Three-box styling|three-box]] saloons that had barely moved out of the 1960s.

FSO was taken over by [[Daewoo]] of South Korea in 1995, by which time the [[FSO Polonez]] had been replaced by the [[:File:FSO Polonez GLI red front-view.jpg|Caro]], which was little more than a [[facelift (automobile)|facelift]] of the 1978 design with underpinnings dating back to 1960. This car was sold in Western Europe until the end of the 1990s, and production finally finished in 2002.

FSO had become independent again in late 2000, after Daewoo went bankrupt and was taken over by General Motors. Despite this, FSO continued to build versions of the [[Daewoo Matiz]] and [[Daewoo Lanos]]. These cars remain in production to this day, although the target of the factory is to focus on the production of the [[Chevrolet Aveo]] which has already been introduced.
[[File:Fiat500126.JPG|thumb|Fiat 500 & 126]]
The Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych (FSM) in [[Bielsko-Biała]] and [[Tychy]] started the output of the [[Fiat 126p#Polski Fiat 126p|Fiat 126(p)]] in 1973 and the [[Fiat Cinquecento|Cinquecento]] in 1991.

In 1992 90% of stock of FSM (Fiat Auto Poland, since 1993) was purchased by Fiat Auto. since then it produced [[Fiat Cinquecento|Cinquecento]], [[Fiat Uno|Uno]], [[Fiat Seicento|Seicento]], [[Fiat Siena|Siena]] and [[Fiat Palio Weekend|Palio Weekend]] models with the capacity up to 200.000 cars a year. In 2003, FSM become the sole producer of [[Fiat Panda]], and in 2007 of new [[Fiat 500]] model. The capacity was increased to ca. 280.000 cars a year, and due to new investments in 2006–2007 will reach over half a million in 2008. This will enable Fiat Auto Poland to include a new model of the [[Ford Ka]], a joint Ford-Fiat project, in its production. It is worth noting both Panda and 500 were selected [[European car of the year]], respectively in 2004 and 2008.<ref>Fiat Corporate Newsletter.</ref>

Other Fiat investment in Poland is a joint Fiat-GM venture of [[GM Powertrain|Powertrain]], producing multijet (see [[JTD engine]]) car engines both for Fiat and GM models.

===AutoVAZ Lada (Russia)===
{{refimprove section|date=March 2012}}
{{Main|Lada}}
In 1966, Fiat helped [[USSR]] state industries build a new car factory ([[AvtoVAZ]]) on the [[Volga]] river. A planned city called [[Tolyatti]] (named after [[Palmiro Togliatti]], former [[Italian Communist Party]] [[General Secretary|Secretary]]) was developed around the factory, which started producing a "people's car" similar to the [[Volkswagen Beetle]] and [[Citroën 2CV]] of Germany and France. The new Soviet car, called the [[Lada]], was a more spacious offering, in [[Sedan (car)|four-door saloon]] and [[Station wagon|five-door estate]] variants. Fiat installed British machine tools supplied by Herbert-BSA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bsamachinetools.com/main.htm |title=Main |publisher=Bsamachinetools.com |accessdate=27 April 2009}}</ref> of [[Birmingham]] for the manufacture of many Lada parts. The 124's design was mechanically upgraded to survive treacherous Russian driving conditions and extremely cold winters. Imports to Western Europe, Canada, and some third world countries sold well owing to their low price. This car was upgraded to become the [[Lada Riva]] (marketing name in some markets) in 1980.

The [[Off-road vehicle|four-wheel drive]] [[Lada Niva]] uses some Fiat based components, e.g. engine and gearbox, but the body and four-wheel drive system are VAZ designs.

===Sollers===
{{refimprove section|date=March 2012}}
In June 2008 Fiat and [[Severstal]]'s [[Sollers JSC]] formalised a number of joint ventures to make and sell Fiat cars and engines in Russia.

In June 2011 Sollers JSC declined previous agreements with Fiat and announced that a joint venture would be created with Ford motor company and Chevrolet motor company.

===Bulgaria===
1967–1971 produced [[Pirin-Fiat]] in [[Lovech]], Bulgaria.

===Tofaş (Turkey)===
[[Tofaş]] is joint venture owned by Fiat SpA and Koç Holding (37.8% Fiat Group Automobiles, 37.8% Koc and 24.3% others).<ref name="fiat.co.nz">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiat.co.nz/default.aspx?MenuId=240|title=Fiat and PSA Citroën reveal new van family|accessdate=18 April 2009|work=fiat.co.nz}}</ref> The Fiat 124 was produced under licence by [[Tofaş]] as the [[Fiat 124#Turkish|Tofaş Murat]]. This was replaced by a version of the [[Fiat 131]], known as the [[Tofaş Şahin]]. Today the Fiat Linea car is amongst those manufactured by the Fiat-Tofas joint venture in Turkey, and the company has 12.1% of the Turkish car market as of 2007.<ref name="koc.com.tr">{{cite web|url=http://www.koc.com.tr/en-US/Business/FordOtosan/|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080719072216/http://www.koc.com.tr/en-US/Business/FordOtosan/|archivedate=19 July 2008|title=Automotive Group|accessdate=18 April 2009|work=koc.com.tr}}</ref>

===SEAT (Spain)===
In Spain, [[SEAT]] – Sociedad Española de Automóviles de Turismo (Spanish Touring Car Company) was established with Fiat assistance in 1950, producing Fiat models under its own brand name until 1981, when Fiat withdrew its support. In 1982 SEAT signed a cooperation agreement with the German manufacturer [[Volkswagen]] and by the end of 1986 after a purchase of a majority stake SEAT had become part of the [[Volkswagen Group]]. However, production of some Fiat-based models continued, ending with the Fiat-based SEAT (the [[SEAT Marbella|Marbella]]) in 1996.

===South Africa===
In South Africa, the [[Fiat Uno]] was assembled under licence by [[Nissan]], which marketed it through its dealerships as the Uno, with limited Fiat branding.

===Ethiopia===
The [[Fiat 131]], known as the [[Holland Car]] DOCC.

===Egypt===
Following the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952]], President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] ordered the EGID (General Intelligence Agent) to establish a state owned automobile company. [[Nasr (car company)|Nasr]] was founded in 1960 in Helwan, Egypt. It began producing some Fiat based models, but later produced the [[Tofaş Şahin]] under license by Tofaş. The Fiat 128 last model was built in 2008, while the Şahin is in production in Egypt.

Currently the ''El-Mashreq Company'', a part of the [[Seoudi Group]] is the main manufacturer of Alfa Romeo and Fiat vehicles for the Egypt market. The [[Arab American Vehicles|AAV]] was also an Egypt manufacturer for Fiat. They assembled the [[Fiat Ritmo]] in order of Nasr.

===India (Premier Automobiles)===
[[Premier Automobiles|Premier Automobiles Limited]] is a Mumbai-based manufacturer of vehicles founded in 1944. In 1951, the company began producing versions of the [[Fiat 500]] for the Indian market. This was followed by the [[Fiat 1100]] in 1954. In 1973, the Premier name was used on its vehicles for the first time, the Premier President, based on the [[Fiat 1100]] as [[Premier Padmini]]. In 1984, they launched the [[Fiat 124]]-based Premier 118NE and 138D models.

'''Fiat India Automobiles Private Limited (FIAPL)''' is a joint venture between Fiat and [[Mumbai]] based [[Tata Motors]]. It was founded in 1997. Fiat builds the Palio Stile and Palio Stile Multijet in India and imports its Fiat 500 into India from Italy, whereas Fiat has many cars under its hood planned for India like the internationally acclaimed Linea, Grande Punto and Bravo, of which the Linea was released in January 2009 and the Punto in June 2009, both the cars have been well received both by the press and by the public. The Fiat plant is situated in Ranjangaon near Pune in Maharashtra and also manufactures the Tata Indica.<ref name="fiat-india.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiat-india.com/Fiat_Aboutus/fiat_AboutUs.aspx|title=About Us|accessdate=3 July 2008|work=fiat-india.com |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080702173715/http://www.fiat-india.com/Fiat_Aboutus/fiat_AboutUs.aspx |archivedate = 2 July 2008}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
Raja Motors are the authorized manufacturers of Fiat motor vehicles in Pakistan since 1948. The manufacturing started with VESPA scooters in 1948. The project was expanded in 2001 to facilitate assembly-cum-manufacturing of Fiat UNO cars. The production facility is located in Landhi Industrial Area, [[Karachi]], Pakistan.

===Sri Lanka===
In 1964–65, the [[Ceylon Transport Board]] contemplated production of buses in Sri Lanka in collaboration with Fiat. With the change of Government in 1965, the CTB opted for a deal with [[British Leyland]].

In 1973, entrepreneur [[Upali Wijewardena]]'s Upali Motor Company began assembly of the local variant of Fiat 128, known as Upali Fiat 128 (officially UMC-FIAT 128). Production ended with the introduction of the open-market economy in 1978.

===North Korea===
The North Korean car manufacturer and dealer [[Pyeonghwa Motors]] assembles two Fiat models under licence since 2002: Hwiparam&nbsp; (whistle) – based on the [[Fiat Siena]], Bbeokgugi&nbsp;(owl) – based on the [[Fiat Doblò]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Italy|Companies|Cars}}
* [[Automotive industry]]
* [[Automotive industry crisis of 2008-2009#Italy|Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2009]]
* [[List of aircraft engines]]
* [[List of Italian companies]]
* [[Neckar (car)|Neckar]]
* [[Simca]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
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