First Army (United Kingdom)
| First Army | |
|---|---|
| File:First-Army.jpg Emblem of the British First Army (1942–43) | |
| Active | First World War 1914–18 Second World War 1942–43 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | British Army |
| Type | Army |
| Engagements | World War I Western Front World War II Operation Torch Tunisia Campaign |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Douglas Haig Sir Henry Rawlinson Kenneth Anderson |
The First Army was a formation of the British Army that existed during the First and Second World Wars. Despite being a British command, the First Army also included Indian and Portuguese forces during the First World War and American and French units during the Second World War.
First World War
The First Army was part of the British Army during the First World War and was formed on 26 December 1914 when the corps of the British Expeditionary Force were divided into the First Army under Lieutenant-General Sir Douglas Haig and the Second Army under Horace Smith-Dorrien.[1] First Army had the Ist, IVth and the Indian Corps under command.[2] The First Army suffered reverses at Vimy Ridge in May 1916 and at Fromelles the following month. From 1917, the First Army also included the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps. The First Army took part in the 1918 offensive that drove the Germans back and virtually ended the war.
Commanders
- 1914–1915 Lieutenant-General Sir Douglas Haig
- 1915–1916 General Sir Henry Rawlinson
- 1916 General Sir Charles Monro
- 1916–1918 General Sir Henry Horne
Second World War
The British First Army was also part of the British Army during the Second World War. It was formed to command the American and British land forces which had landed as part of Operation Torch in Morocco and Algeria on 8 November 1942. It was commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Kenneth Anderson. First Army headquarters was formally activated on 9 November 1942 when Anderson arrived in Algiers to assume command of the redesignated Eastern Task Force.[3]
It initially consisted of American and British formations only. After the surrender of French forces following the German abrogation of their armistice agreement with Vichy France, French units were also added to its order of battle. It eventually consisted of four corps, the US II Corps, the British V Corps, British IX Corps and French XIX Corps.
After the landings, Anderson's forces rushed east in a bid to capture Tunis and Bizerte before German forces could reach the two cities in large numbers. They failed. Following that lack of success, a period of consolidation was forced upon them. The logistics support for the Army was greatly improved and bases for its accompanying aircraft greatly multiplied. By the time the British Eighth Army approached the Tunisian border from the east, following its long pursuit of Erwin Rommel's forces after El Alamein, First Army was again ready to strike.
Supported by elements of XII Tactical Air Command and No. 242 Group RAF, the First Army carried the main weight of the 18th Army Group's offensive to conclude the Tunisia Campaign and finish Axis forces in North Africa off. The victory was won in May 1943 in a surrender that, in numbers captured at least, equalled Stalingrad. Shortly after the surrender, the First Army was disbanded, having served its purpose.
Commanders
- July 1942 – Aug 1942 Lieutenant-General Edmond Schreiber[4][5]
- Aug 1942 – Jul 1943 Lieutenant-General Kenneth Anderson[6]
See also
Notes
- ^ The British Armies of 1914–1918
- ^ THE SILENT GENERAL: HORNE OF THE FIRST ARMY, Don Farr, P.39
- ^ Playfair, p. 153.
- ^ Meade, p.59
- ^ British Military History
- ^ Orders of Battle
References
- Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: A biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II. Stroud (UK): Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.
- Playfair, Major-General I.S.O.; Molony, Brigadier C.J.C.; with Flynn, Captain F.C. (R.N.); Gleave, Group Captain T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO:1966]. Butler, Sir James (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume IV: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-068-8.
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