Flavin group
Flavin (from Latin flavus, "yellow") is the common name for a group of organic compounds based on pteridine, formed by the tricyclic heteronuclear organic ring isoalloxazine. The biochemical source is the vitamin riboflavin. The flavin moiety is often attached with an adenosine diphosphate to form flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and, in other circumstances, is found as flavin mononucleotide (or FMN), a phosphorylated form of riboflavin. It is in one or the other of these forms that flavin is present as a prosthetic group in flavoproteins.
The flavin group is capable of undergoing oxidation-reduction reactions, and can accept either one electron in a two-step process or two electrons at once. Reduction is made with the addition of hydrogen atoms to specific nitrogen atoms on the isoalloxazine ring system:
In aqueous solution, flavins are yellow-coloured when oxidized, taking a red colour in the semi-reduced anionic state or blue in the neutral (semiquinone) state, and colourless when totally reduced.[1] The oxidized and reduced forms are in fast equilibrium with the semiquinone (radical) form, shifted against the formation of the radical:[2]
- Flox + FlredH2 ⇌ FlH•
where Flox is the oxidized flavin, FlredH2 the reduced flavin (upon addition of two hydrogen atoms) and FlH• the semiquinone form (addition of one hydrogen atom).
In the form of FADH2, it is one of the cofactors that can transfer electrons to the electron transfer chain.
Photoreduction
Both free and protein-bound flavins are photoreducible, that is, able to be reduced by light, in a mechanism mediated by several organic compounds, such as some aminoacids, carboxylic acids and amines.[2]
FAD
Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a group bound to many enzymes including ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase, monoamine oxidase, D-amino acid oxidase, glucose oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and acyl CoA dehydrogenase.
FADH/FADH2
FADH and FADH2 are reduced forms of FAD. FADH2 is produced as a prosthetic group in succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the citric acid cycle. In oxidative phosphorylation, two molecules of FADH2 typically yield 1.5 ATP each, or three ATP combined.
FMN
Flavin mononucleotide is a prosthetic group found in, among other proteins, NADH dehydrogenase, E.coli nitroreductase and old yellow enzyme.
Use as a dye
Flavin is the most important coloring matter obtained from quercitron (the bark of Quercus velutina, also called dyer's oak). Flavin is the commercial name for quercitron. Two preparations are "yellow flavin" and "red flavin," which contains only quercetin.[3]
See also
References
- Voet, D.; Voet, J.G. (2004). Biochemistry (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-39223-5
- ^ Michaelis, Leonor (1 December 1936). "Potentiometric Study of the Flavins". J. Biol. Chem. 116 (2): 587–607. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
{{cite journal}}: More than one of|number=and|issue=specified (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Massey, Vincent (1978). "Light-Mediated Reduction of Flavoproteins with Flavins as Catalysts" (PDF). Biochemistry. 17 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1021/bi00594a001. PMID 618535. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
{{cite journal}}: More than one of|number=and|issue=specified (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ New International Encyclopedia