Floating dock (impounded)
A floating dock, floating harbour or wet dock is a dock alongside a tidal waterway that maintains a constant level, despite the changing tides.
Operation
A floating dock is isolated from the tidal waters by a lock gate, at least, although in most dock systems the entrance is more complex than this.
Development and early docks
London
The first wet dock was Howland Great Wet Dock or Greenland Dock, built in London at the end of the 17th century. This was not a commercial dock and had no warehouses, but was intended solely for ship replenishment and refitting. [1]
Liverpool (Old Dock)
In 1715 the first commercial wet dock, Liverpool's Old Dock, opened.[2] These early docks were of simple construction: a single lock gate isolated them from the tidal waters. Access was gained for a few hours around high tide by opening this gate. Although this short opening period was disruptive to shipping, any longer opening allowed the internal dock level to fall with the ebbing tide.
A half tide dock is a partially tidal dock. They need have no gate, but as the tide ebbs a raised sill or weir on the floor of the dock prevents the level dropping below a certain point, meaning that the ships in the dock remain afloat, although they still fall with the first ebb of the tide. Half tide docks were only useful for ships of shallow draught, in areas with a large tidal range. The tide must rise sufficiently to give them a clear passage over the raised sill.
Hull
In 1775 Hull's Old Dock was opened. This was the first commercial floating dock, isolated by a lock rather than a single lock gate. This allowed the dock's water level to be maintained and, more importantly, it increased the time for which tidal access was possible. However the lock was only 121 ft long and this limited the number of ships passing through it.[3]
Bristol
One of the first large fully floating docks was that of Bristol's Floating Harbour, built in 1809 to a plan by William Jessop.[4] This involved the diversion of the River Avon (Bristol) away from its previous route through the harbour and into a new channel at the New Cut. Entrance to the harbour was now gained through an entrance basin, at what is now Cumberland Basin.[5] Although linked by locks to the harbour and the river, the intention was that the basin would itself be used as an entrance lock: rather than locking each ship through one-by-one, ships could wait for the tide inside the basin and then the outer lock gates could both be opened allowing all to leave and arrive together. For a port with such a convoluted and tide-dependent approach as Bristol's, any easing of access was valuable.
As the harbour now need never be connected directly to the tidal waters, its water level could be held constant, without even the small variation of the hours around high tide. At Bristol, Jessop controlled the height of the harbour water by a broad weir, built as a dam across the previous route of the river. Levels were maintained by the flow of the small River Frome which still flowed into the harbour.[5]
Liverpool
As one of the first industrialised ports, Liverpool was at the forefront of dock development in the early 19th century. A network of linked docks developed along the length of the Mersey shoreline. These were floating docks, with access through a number of tidal basins and half tide docks.
Impounding
Floating docks are generally maintained at a level at least as high as the highest tide. Apart from any considerations of navigation, lock gates are usually arranged as a chevron[note 1] and can only hold back higher water in one direction, which must always be from within the dock.
Maintaining this higher level requires a supply of water. In some cases this is available from a river flowing into the harbour. This was the case for Bristol, at least initially, with the River Frome. Where there was no such river source, a mechanical pumping station or 'impounding station' was constructed. Liverpool's northern docks were served by one at Huskisson Dock and one on the opposite side of the Mersey for Wallasey Dock.
See also
- Branch dock, a continuous basin within a dock, provided greater wharf frontage.
- Half tide dock, a simpler version, where a fixed sill retains some water within the dock to allow ships to float, but at varying height.
- Jesse Hartley, civil engineer who made many innovations in floating docks
References
- ^ Woodworth, Philip L. (1999). "A Study of Changes in High Water Levels and Tides at Liverpool during the Last Two Hundred and Thirty Years" (PDF). Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory. Report Number 56.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ "Trading Places: Old Dock History". Liverpool Museums. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ^ Parsons, Edward (1835). "IX "Hull continued"". The tourist's companion, or, The history of the scenes and places on the route by the rail-road and steam-packet from Leeds and Selby to Hull. p. 219. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Malpass, Peter; King, Andy (2009). Bristol's Floating Harbour. Bristol: Redcliffe Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-906593-28-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ a b Malpass & King 2009, pp. 26–27