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Frederick H. Crawford

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Frederick H. Crawford
Colonel Crawford is shown second from the left in this loyalist mural in East Belfast's Ballymacarrett Road
Born
Frederick Hugh Crawford

(1861-08-21)21 August 1861
Belfast, Ireland
Died5 November 1952(1952-11-05) (aged 91)
NationalityBritish
Occupation(s)Soldier, arms smuggler
TitleColonel
SpouseHelen Crawford
ChildrenStuart Wright Knox, Helen Nannie, Majorie Doreen, Ethel Bethea, Malcolm Adair Alexander

Colonel Frederick Hugh Crawford CBE, JP (21 August 1861 – 5 November 1952) was an officer in the British Army. A staunch Ulster loyalist, Crawford is most notable for organising the Larne gun-running which secured guns and ammunition for the Ulster Volunteers (UVF) in 1914,[1][2][3] and made him a hero for Northern Ireland's unionists.[4]

Background

Crawford was born in Belfast[5] on 21 August 1861 into a "solid Methodist" family of Ulster-Scots roots.[6] He attended Methodist College Belfast and University College, London.[7] Whilst Crawford was a determined Ulster loyalist, his great-grandfather was Alexander Crawford, a United Irishman arrested in March 1797 for "high treason", and sent to Kilmainham gaol, sharing a cell with prominent United Irishman Henry Joy McCracken.[1]

According to the 1911 census for Ireland, Crawford was living in Marlborough Park, Belfast, with his wife of 15 years Helen, and four of their five children: Helen Nannie; Marjorie Doreen; Ethel Bethea; and Malcolm Adair Alexander.[5] His other child, Stuart Wright Knox, is recorded as a pupil at Ballycloghan National School, Belfast.[8] Stuart would become a lieutenant-colonel in the British Army, before being invalided in 1944.[9] Malcolm, after being a member of the Colonial Police, joined the Royal Ulster Constabulary, advancing to District Inspector.[10] In 1931, Malcolm became a Justice of the Peace for Singapore.[10]

Career

Crawford worked as an engineer for White Star Line in the 1880s, before returning from Australia in 1892.[6] In 1894 he enlisted with the Mid Ulster Artillery regiment of the British Army, before being transferred to the Donegal Artillery, with which he served during the Boer Wars, earning himself the rank of major.[1][6]

In 1898, Crawford was appointed governor of Campbell College, Belfast.[11] Two of his children, Stuart Wright Knox and Malcolm Adair Alexander, both attended Campbell College.[11]

In 1911 he became a member of the Ulster Unionist Council.[12] On 28 September 1912 he was in charge of the 2,500 well dressed stewards and marshals that escorted Edward Carson and the Ulster unionist leadership from the Ulster Hall in Belfast to the City Hall for the signing of the Ulster Covenant, which he is alleged to have signed in his own blood.[1][4] With the formation of the Ulster Volunteer Force in 1913, he was made their Director of Ordnance.[6][12]

In World War I he was officer commanding of the Royal Army Service Corps, and was awarded the Royal Humane Society's Bronze Medal for saving life. He also became a Justice of the Peace for Belfast.

Politics and armed resistance

See also: Larne gun-running

Crawford in regards to Irish Home Rule was strongly partisan and backed armed resistance in opposing it, being contemptuous of those who used political bluffing.[1] His avocation for armed resistance was evident when he remarked that at one meeting of the Ulster Unionist Council his heart "rejoiced" when he heard talk of looking into using physical force.[1] At another meeting he even went as far as ask some attendees to step into another room where he had fixed bayonets, rifles, and cartridges laid out.[1]

In 1910 the Ulster Unionist Council planned for the creation of an army to oppose Home Rule, and approached Crawford to act as their agent in securing weapons and ammunition.[2][3] Crawford tried several times to smuggle arms into Ulster, however vigilant customs officials seized many of them at the docks.[3] Despite this, the meticulously planned and audacious Larne gun-running of April 1914, devised and carried out by Crawford was successful in bringing in enough arms to equip the Ulster Volunteer Force.[2][3]

By the 1920s Crawford remained as stoic in his belief's remarking in a letter in 1920 that "I am ashamed to call myself an Irishman. Thank God I am not one. I am an Ulsterman, a very different breed".[1][6] In 1921 he attempted to create an organisation intended to be a "Detective Reserve", but called the "Ulster Brotherhood", the aims of which were to uphold the Protestant religion, political and religious freedom as well as use by all means to "destroy and wipe out the Sinn Féin conspiracy of murder, assassination and outrage".[1] This organisation however only lasted completely unofficially for a few months after failing to gain acceptance with the political authorities.[1]

Later years

In 1921 Crawford was included in the Royal Honours List and granted a CBE.[12] In 1934 Crawford wrote his memoirs, titled "Guns for Ulster".[12] He died 5 November 1952,[11][12] and was buried in the City Cemetery, Falls Road, Belfast. [13] [14] Upon news of his death he was described by the then Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, Sir Basil Brooke, as being "as a fearless fighter in the historic fight to keep Ulster British".[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Keith Haines (2009). Due North, The Magazine of the Federation for Ulster Local Studies. Vol. Volume 2, issue 3. Ulster Historical Foundation. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |volume= has extra text (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ a b c S. J. Connolly (2002). Oxford Companion to Irish History. Oxford University Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-19-923483-7.
  3. ^ a b c d Jonathan Bardon (2005). A History of Ulster. The Black Staff Press. pp. 439–444. ISBN 0-85640-764-X.
  4. ^ a b BBC (27 September 2012). "'Signed in blood' claim challenged by scientific test". BBC News. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  5. ^ a b The National Archives of Ireland. "National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911". Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Unionist Centenary Committee. "Key figures: Frederick Crawford". Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  7. ^ "Understanding the Ulster Covenant" (PDF). Ulster Scots Community Network. Ulster Scots Community Network. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  8. ^ The National Archives of Ireland. "National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911". Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  9. ^ Lennon Wylie. "Campbell College Register 1894 - 1954. Entrances page 2". Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  10. ^ a b Lennon Wylie. "Campbell College Register 1894 - 1954. Entrances page 3". Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  11. ^ a b c Lennon Wylie. "Campbell College Register 1894 - 1954". Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  12. ^ a b c d e Irish Bayonets. "Col. Frederick Crawford - UVF". Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  13. ^ https://ssl.belfastcity.gov.uk/burialsearch/BurialRecordDetails.aspx?RecordID=6777.1783
  14. ^ Unionist Centenaries. "Ulster's Heroes". Retrieved 9 November 2012.
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