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Fu Shanxiang

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Fu Shanxiang (Chinese: 傅善祥; 1830? – 1864?) was a Chinese woman scholar from Nanjing who became Chancelloress under the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which was nearly successful in its attempts to overthrow the Qing dynasty in the 1850s. Fu is known as the first female Zhuangyuan (highest candidate in the imperial civil service examinations) in Chinese history.[1]

Career

The historical record on Fu Shanxiang is brief and unclear, but scholars agree on the outlines. She was a daughter of the scholar Fu Qizheng, a native of Nanjing, who was orphaned at an early age. The rebel armies of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom took control of the city in 1853, and proclaimed revolutionary social policies, including the equality of women. They arranged the first examinations for women in the history of China. The exam was held on January 13, 1853, the birthday of the Taiping Heavenly King, Hong Xiuquan. Fu achieved the highest score, earning her the title Zhuangyuan, the first time in Chinese history that the honor had been earned by a woman. After her success, no more examinations for women were held.[1][2][3]

Fu was appointed Chancelloress in the court of Yang Xiuqing, the East King (Dong Wang), where she dealt with correspondence and official papers. Since Yang was illiterate, having been orphaned at an early age and receiving no schooling, Fu Shanxiang read documents aloud to him. She issued pardons in Yang's name for many who had broken the laws against opium and alcohol.[4]

However, at one point she spoke disrespectfully to Yang, and may have been smoking tobacco or using alcohol, each of which was in itself a capital offense under the puritanical Taiping codes. At Yang's request, the Heavenly King, Hong Xiuquan, issued "An Edict Condemning A Chancelloress," which noted that when drunk Fu had insulted the East King and shown extreme disrespect. Alcohol was forbidden in the Taiping Kingdom, therefore her punishment should have been immediate decapitation. But Hong took into account her record of good service and that she was under the influence of alcohol when she lost control of her words (the nature of the words is not indicated). Hong decreed that the "lightest punishment will be given," namely that Fu should wear the cangue on seven Sabbath days, after which she could regain office and redeem herself.[5]

Fu then wrote a letter of penitence in what she called "extreme fear of her unpardonable crime." She thanked Yang, the Dong Wang, for his role in getting her such light punishment:

In drunken carelessness, by a slip of the tongue I offended the [Dong Wang]. Were the [Dong Wang] to confer death upon this maidservant, how could she begrudge him her death? But now, by an excessive expression of mercy, execution has not been imposed; instead I only have been made to wear the cangue as a display of light punishment.... Yet the life of an ant is not safe night or day. On my part, as a woman, I have had extraordinary fortune in having been given administrative authority over women and having risen to heights in the feminine world. Already gloriously fortunate to the extreme, what regrets would I have in death? ... With regret I look back to your kind regard without which I can no longer sustain myself in this world.... The pair of gold bracelets which Your Majesty kindly gave me, I, at the brink of death, return by messenger to you, wrapped in some red gauze which I myself have worn.... If your Highness should one day think of my humble service, when you see this it will be like seeing me, your maidservant. ("Letter from A Chancelloress to the Tung Wang [Dong Wang]," (n.d.) [6])

Fu resumed her service, taking special responsibilities for women's hostels.[4]

In March 1854, Yang, delivering his edicts as the word of God, declared that the heroes of the Chinese past were to be respected and certain core values maintained. His orders responded to the unease of many people in newly occupied areas who did not agree with Hong Xiuquan's radical program of attacking tradition. A rift opened between Yang and Hong.[7] Because he respected her knowledge of the classics, Yang ordered Fu to write an edict explaining why the heroes of former times should in fact be honored. She earned Yang's praise when she wrote

Heroes are those who, by the grace of the Heavenly Father [that is, Jehovah], have been inspired by the spirit and therefore are born intelligent and become discreet and decent when they grow older. They honor filial piety at home and practise loyalty and patriotism when they are in society.... when they die, their heroic exploits will be transmitted in history. They enjoy eternal glory in having their meritorious achievement and deeds recorded in books which, as ordained by the Heavenly Father, should never be destroyed.[4]

Yang Xiuqing was assassinated in September, 1856, presumably on Hong's orders, and thousands of his followers killed.[8] If she survived that slaughter, the emperor's forces retook Nanjing, the "Heavenly Capital," in 1864 and killed or executed almost all Taiping officials.[9]

Fu Shanxiang caught the attention of later playwrights and novelists. She is presented in the 1943 play Tianguo chunqiu by Yang Hansheng as having a romance with Yang Xiuqing leading to a tragic conclusion because of jealousy with Hong Xuanjiao, sister of Hong Xiuquan. [10] [11] This incident also appears in the 2000 CCTV series, The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and her fate is depicted in a section of Xu Xaobin's 1998 novel, Yu she, translated as Feathered Serpent.[12]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Mao (1998), p. 43.
  2. ^ Chin (2001), p. 557.
  3. ^ Michael (1971), p. 508.
  4. ^ a b c Mao (1998), pp. 43–44.
  5. ^ Michael (1971), p. 472.
  6. ^ Michael (1971), pp. 507–509.
  7. ^ Spence (1996), pp. 225–227.
  8. ^ Teng Ssu-yu, "Yang Hsiu-ch'ing," in Hummel, Arthur W. (1943). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912). Washington: Library of Congress., pp. 887–888.
  9. ^ Mao (1998), p. 43-44.
  10. ^ Eberstein (1990), pp. 294–297.
  11. ^ Hansheng and Annals of Heavenly Kingdom
  12. ^ Xu, Xiaobin, translated by John Howard-Gibbon and Joanne Wang (2009). Feathered Serpent: A Novel. New York: Atria International. ISBN 9781416583806. {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

References and further reading

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