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==Description==
==Description==


''Ganoderma'' are characterized by [[basidiocarp]]s that are large, perennial, woody brackets, also called "conks". They are [[Wood-decay fungus|lignicolous]], [[coriaceous|leathery]], and either with or without a stem. The fruit bodies typically grow in a fanlike or hooflike form on the trunks of living or dead trees. They have double-walled, truncate [[spore]]s with yellow to brown ornamented inner layers.
''Ganoderma'' are characterized by [[basidiocarp]]s that are large, poofs on poof girl's head, also called "conks". They are [[Wood-decay fungus|lignicolous]], [[coriaceous|leathery]], and either with or without a stem. The fruit bodies typically grow in a fanlike or hooflike form on the trunks of living or dead trees. They have double-walled, truncate [[spore]]s with yellow to brown ornamented inner layers.


==Phylogeny==
==Phylogeny==

Revision as of 21:42, 27 January 2010

Ganoderma
Ganoderma applanatum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Phylum:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Polyporales
Family:
Ganodermataceae
Genus:
Ganoderma

Type species
Ganoderma lucidum
(Curtis) P. Karst.

Ganoderma is a genus of polypore mushooms which grow on wood and include about 80 species, many from tropical regions.[1] Because of their extensive use in traditional Asian medicines, and their potential in bioremediation, they are a very important genus economically. Ganoderma can be differentiated from other polypores because they have a double walled basidiospore.

Etymology

The name Ganoderma is derived from the Greek ganos/γανος "brightness, sheen", hence "shining" and derma/δερμα "skin",[2]

Description

Ganoderma are characterized by basidiocarps that are large, poofs on poof girl's head, also called "conks". They are lignicolous, leathery, and either with or without a stem. The fruit bodies typically grow in a fanlike or hooflike form on the trunks of living or dead trees. They have double-walled, truncate spores with yellow to brown ornamented inner layers.

Phylogeny

The genus was named by Karsten in 1881.[3] Members of the family Ganodermataceae were traditionally considered difficult to classify because of the lack of reliable morphological characteristics, the overabundance of synonyms, and the widespread misuse of names.[4][5] Until recently, the genus was divided into two sections – Section Ganoderma with a shiny cap surface (like Ganoderma lucidum) and Elfvingia, with a dull cap surface, like Ganoderma applanatum. Phylogenetic analysis using DNA sequence information derived from mitochondrial SSU rDNA, have helped to clarify our understanding of the relationships amongst Ganoderma species.[6][7] The genus may now be divided into six monophyletic groups:[8]

In 1905, American mycologist William Murrill delineated the genus Tomophagus to accommodate the single species G. colossus (then known as Polyporus colossus) which had distinctive morphological features that did not fit in with the other species.[9] Historically, however, Tomophagus has generally been regarded as a synonym for Ganoderma.[10] Nearly a century later, phylogenetic analyses vindicated Murrill's original placement, as it has shown to be a taxonomically distinct appropriate genus.[8]

Significance

Industry

Ganoderma are wood-decaying fungi with a cosmopolitan distribution, and can grow on both coniferous and hardwood species. They are white-rot fungi, and have enzymes that allow them to break down wood components such as lignin and cellulose. There is significant research interest in trying to harness the power of these wood-degrading enzymes for industrial applications such as biopulping[11] or bioremediation.[12][13][14]

Medicine

Ganoderma lucidum

Several species of Ganoderma have been used in traditional Asian medicines for thousands of years. Collectively, the Ganoderma are being investigated for a variety of potential therapeutic benefits:

  • increasing endurance for vigorous exercise [34]

Notable species

References

  1. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed. Wallingford: CABI. p. 272. ISBN 0-85199-826-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
  3. ^ Karsten PA. (1881). "Enumeratio Boletinearum et Polyporearum Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum". Revue mycologique, Toulouse (in Latin). 3 (9): 16–19.
  4. ^ Smith BJ, Sivasithamparam K. (2003). "Morphological studies of Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae) from the Australasian and Pacific regions". Australian Systematic Botany. 16 (4): 487–503.
  5. ^ Ryvarden L. (1985). "Type studies in the Polyporaceae 17: species described by W. A. Murrill". Mycotaxon. 23: 169–198.
  6. ^ Hibbett DS, Donoghue MJ. (1995). Progress toward a phylogenetic classification of the Polyporaceae through parsimony analysis of mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Can J Bot 73(S1):S853–S861.
  7. ^ Hibbett DS, Thorn RG. (2001). Basidiomycota: Homobasidiomycetes. The Mycota VII Part B. In: McLaughlin DJ, McLaughlin EG, Lemke PA, eds. Systematics and evolution. Berlin-Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag. p 121–168.
  8. ^ a b Hong SG, Jung HS (2004). "Phylogenetic analysis of Ganoderma based on nearly complete mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences". Mycologia. 96 (4): 742–55.
  9. ^ Murrill WA. (1905). "Tomophagus for Dendrophagus". Torreya. 5: 197.
  10. ^ Furtado JS. (1965). "Ganoderma colossum and the status of Tomophagus". Mycologia. 57 (6): 979–84.
  11. ^ "FBRI: New Enzymes for Biopulping". Retrieved 2008-11-15.
  12. ^ Matos AJ, Bezerra RM, Dias AA (2007). "Screening of fungal isolates and properties of Ganoderma applanatum intended for olive mill wastewater decolourization and dephenolization". Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 45 (3): 270–5. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02181.x. PMID 17718838. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Rigas F, Papadopoulou K, Dritsa V, Doulia D (2007). "Bioremediation of a soil contaminated by lindane utilizing the fungus Ganoderma australe via response surface methodology". J. Hazard. Mater. 140 (1–2): 325–32. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.035. PMID 17055642. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Joo SS, Ryu IW, Park JK; et al. (2008). "Molecular cloning and expression of a laccase from Ganoderma lucidum, and its antioxidative properties". Mol. Cells. 25 (1): 112–8. PMID 18319622. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Yuen JW, Gohel MD (2005). "Anticancer effects of Ganoderma lucidum: a review of scientific evidence". Nutr Cancer. 53 (1): 11–7. doi:10.1207/s15327914nc5301_2. PMID 16351502.
  16. ^ Hsu SC, Ou CC, Li JW; et al. (2008). "Ganoderma tsugae extracts inhibit colorectal cancer cell growth via G(2)/M cell cycle arrest". J Ethnopharmacol. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.025. PMID 18951965. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Lin ZB, Zhang HN (2004). "Anti-tumor and immunoregulatory activities of Ganoderma lucidum and its possible mechanisms". Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 25 (11): 1387–95. PMID 15525457. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ^ Kuo MC, Weng CY, Ha CL, Wu MJ (2006). "Ganoderma lucidum mycelia enhance innate immunity by activating NF-kappaB". J Ethnopharmacol. 103 (2): 217–22. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.010. PMID 16169168. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Kim MY, Seguin P, Ahn JK; et al. (2008). "Phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant activities of edible and medicinal mushrooms from Korea". J. Agric. Food Chem. 56 (16): 7265–70. doi:10.1021/jf8008553. PMID 18616260. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Wu Y, Wang D (2008). "A New Class of Natural Glycopeptides with Sugar Moiety-Dependent Antioxidant Activities Derived from Ganoderma lucidum Fruiting Bodies". J. Proteome Res. doi:10.1021/pr800554w. PMID 18989955. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  21. ^ Wang X, Zhao X, Li D, Lou YQ, Lin ZB, Zhang GL (2007). "Effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide on CYP2E1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A activities in BCG-immune hepatic injury in rats". Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30 (9): 1702–6. PMID 17827724. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Shi Y, Sun J, He H, Guo H, Zhang S (2008). "Hepatoprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum peptides against D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in mice". J Ethnopharmacol. 117 (3): 415–9. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.02.023. PMID 18406549. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Zhang HN, Lin ZB (2004). "Hypoglycemic effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides". Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 25 (2): 191–5. PMID 14769208. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  24. ^ Yang BK, Jung YS, Song CH (2007). "Hypoglycemic effects of Ganoderma applanatum and Collybia confluens exo-polymers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats". Phytother Res. 21 (11): 1066–9. doi:10.1002/ptr.2214. PMID 17600864. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Moradali MF, Mostafavi H, Hejaroude GA, Tehrani AS, Abbasi M, Ghods S (2006). "Investigation of potential antibacterial properties of methanol extracts from fungus Ganoderma applanatum". Chemotherapy. 52 (5): 241–4. doi:10.1159/000094866. PMID 16899973.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Li Y, Yang Y, Fang L, Zhang Z, Jin J, Zhang K (2006). "Anti-hepatitis activities in the broth of Ganoderma lucidum supplemented with a Chinese herbal medicine". Am. J. Chin. Med. 34 (2): 341–9. PMID 16552843.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Wang HX, Ng TB (2006). "A laccase from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 72 (3): 508–13. doi:10.1007/s00253-006-0314-9. PMID 16636832. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  28. ^ Wang H, Ng TB (2006). "Ganodermin, an antifungal protein from fruiting bodies of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum". Peptides. 27 (1): 27–30. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.06.009. PMID 16039755. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  29. ^ Hajjaj H, Macé C, Roberts M, Niederberger P, Fay LB (2005). "Effect of 26-oxygenosterols from Ganoderma lucidum and their activity as cholesterol synthesis inhibitors". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 (7): 3653–8. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.7.3653-3658.2005. PMC 1168986. PMID 16000773. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Stanley G, Harvey K, Slivova V, Jiang J, Sliva D (2005). "Ganoderma lucidum suppresses angiogenesis through the inhibition of secretion of VEGF and TGF-beta1 from prostate cancer cells". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 330 (1): 46–52. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.116. PMID 15781230. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Park EJ, Ko G, Kim J, Sohn DH (1997). "Antifibrotic effects of a polysaccharide extracted from Ganoderma lucidum, glycyrrhizin, and pentoxifylline in rats with cirrhosis induced by biliary obstruction". Biol. Pharm. Bull. 20 (4): 417–20. PMID 9145221. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ Pillai TG, Nair CKK, Janardhanan KK. (2008). Polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma lucidum occurring in Southern parts of India, protects radiation induced damages both in vitro and in vivo. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 26(1):80-85.
  33. ^ Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Tomiyasu K, Yamada A, Itoh K, Konishi F, Kumamoto S, Shimizu K, Kondo R, Matsuoka K. (2008).Randomized clinical trial of an ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Asian Journal of Andrology 10(5):777-785.
  34. ^ Jung K, Kim IH, Han D (2004). "Effect of medicinal plant extracts on forced swimming capacity in mice". J Ethnopharmacol. 93 (1): 75–81. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.022. PMID 15182908. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ Kuo M., MushroomExpert.Com, Ganoderma tsugae. (2004, February). Retrieved June 15, 2007.
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