GeneRIF
A GeneRIF or Gene Reference Into Function is a short (255 characters or fewer) statement about the function of a gene. GeneRIFs provide a simple mechanism for allowing scientists to add to the functional annotation of genes described in the Entrez Gene database. In practice, function is constructed quite broadly. For example, there are GeneRIFs that discuss the role of a gene in a disease, GeneRIFs that point the viewer towards a review article about the gene, and GeneRIFs that discuss the structure of a gene. However, the stated intent is for GeneRIFs to be about gene function. Currently over half a million geneRIFs have been created for genes from almost 1000 different species.[1]
GeneRIFs are always associated with specific entries in the Entrez Gene database. Each GeneRIF has a pointer to the PubMed ID (a type of document identifier) of a scientific publication that provides evidence for the statement made by the GeneRIF. GeneRIFs are often extracted directly from the document that is identified by the PubMed ID, very frequently from its title or from its final sentence.
GeneRIFs are usually produced by NCBI indexers, but anyone may submit a GeneRIF. To be processed, a valid Gene ID must exist for the specific gene, or the Gene staff must have assigned an overall Gene ID to the species. The latter case is implemented via records in Gene with the symbol NEWENTRY. Once the Gene ID is identified, only three types of information are required to complete a submission:
- a concise phrase describing a function or functions (less than 255 characters in length, preferably more than a restatement of the title of the paper);
- a published paper describing that function, implemented by supplying the PubMed ID of a citation in PubMed;
- a valid e-mail address (which will remain confidential).
Example
[edit]Here are some GeneRIFs taken from Entrez Gene for GeneID 7157, the human gene TP53. The PubMed document identifiers have been omitted from the examples. Note the wide variability with respect to the presence or absence of punctuation and of sentence-initial capital letters.
- p53 and c-erbB-2 may have independent role in carcinogenesis of gall bladder cancer
- Degradation of endogenous HIPK2 depends on the presence of a functional p53 protein.
- p53 codon 72 alleles influence the response to anticancer drugs in cells from aged people by regulating the cell cycle inhibitor p21WAF1
- Logistic regression analysis showed p53 and COX-2 as dependent predictors in pancreatic carcinogenesis, and a reciprocal relationship to neoplastic progression between p53 and COX-2.
GeneRIFs are an unusual type of textual genre, and they have recently been the subject of a number of articles from the natural language processing community.
External links
[edit]- NCBI's web page describing GeneRIFs
- Mitchell JA, Aronson AR, Mork JG, Folk LC, Humphrey SM, Ward JM (2003). "Gene indexing: characterization and analysis of NLM's GeneRIFs". AMIA Annu Symp Proc: 460–4. PMC 1480312. PMID 14728215.
References
[edit]- William Hersh, Ravi Teja Bhupatiraju (2003). TREC Genomics Track Overview (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-05-12. Paper describing a Text Retrieval Conference "shared task" involving automatic prediction of GeneRIFs.
- Lu, Zhiyong; K. Bretonnel Cohen; Lawrence Hunter (2006). Finding GeneRIFs via Gene Ontology annotations (PDF). Proc. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing 2006. pp. 52–63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-02-13. Lu et al.'s paper describing a system that automatically suggests GeneRIFs.