View source for German-occupied Europe

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|European countries occupied by the military forces of Nazi Germany}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = German-occupied Europe<br>
| image_flag             = Flag of German Reich (1935–1945).svg
| flag                   = Flag of Nazi Germany
| image_coat             = Reichsadler.svg
| coa_size               = 100
| symbol_type            = Emblem
| symbol                 = Coat of arms of Germany#Nazi Germany
| national_anthem        = <br> 1938–1945 <br>"[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]"<br>"The song of the Germans" <br/>
| image_map              = {{switcher|[[File:German Reich 1942 (Orthographic Projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:German Reich 1942 (Extended).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|default=2}}
| map_caption            = Europe at the height of German expansion in 1942:
{{parabr}}{{plainlist|style=padding-left: 0.6em; text-align: left;|
*{{legend2|#008100|Germany{{efn|name=annexed|Including the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]] and the [[General Government]]}} }}
*{{legend2|#47ca44|[[Reichskommissariat|Civilian-administered occupied territories]]}}
*{{legend2|#a6e0a6|[[Military Administration (Nazi Germany)|Military-administered occupied territories]]}}
}}{{parabr}}
| image_map_caption      = 
| image_map2_caption     = 
| status                 = 
| capital                = [[Berlin]]
| stat_year1             = 1942
| stat_area1             = 3300000<ref name="Berend">{{cite book| first=Iván T. |last=Berend| authorlink=Iván T. Berend | title=An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe: Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31rWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72| page=72| publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016 |isbn=9781107136427}}</ref>
| stat_pop1              = 238000000<ref name="Berend"/>
| common_languages       = [[German language|German]]
| title_leader           = [[Reich Commissioner]]
| leader1                = [[Fritz Katzmann]]
| year_leader1           = 1938–1945
| title_deputy           = [[Reichsstatthalter]]
| deputy1                = [[Adolf Eichmann]]
| year_deputy1           = 1938–1945
| deputy2                = [[Heinrich Himmler]]
| year_deputy2           = 1940–1945
| deputy3                = [[Hermann Göring]]
| year_deputy4           = 
| year_deputy3           = 1941–1945
| era                    = [[Interwar period]]
| life_span              = 1938–1945
| date_end               = 27 April
| date_post              = 8 May 1945
| p1                     = 
| s1                     = Allied-occupied Germany
| flag_s1                = Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg
| image_s1               = 
| border_s1              = 
| currency               = [[Reichsmark]] (ℛℳ)
| demonym                = German
}}

'''German-occupied Europe''' (or '''Nazi-occupied Europe''') refers to the sovereign countries of [[Europe]] which were wholly or partly [[military occupation|militarily occupied]] and civil-occupied, including [[puppet state|puppet governments]], by the [[Wehrmacht|military forces]] and the [[government of Nazi Germany|government]] of [[Nazi Germany]] at various times between 1939 and 1945, during [[World War II]], administered by the [[Nazi Party|Nazi]] regime under the [[dictatorship]] of [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref name="britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130330193920/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/648813/World-War-II/53572/German-occupied-Europe  German occupied Europe.] World War II. Retrieved 1 September 2015 from the [[Internet Archive]].</ref> 

The German [[Wehrmacht]] occupied European territory:
* as far east as the town of [[Mozdok]] in the [[North Caucasus]] in the [[Soviet Union]] (1942–1943)
* as far north as the settlement of [[Barentsburg]] in [[Svalbard]] in the [[Norway|Kingdom of Norway]]
* as far south as the island of [[Gavdos]] in the [[Kingdom of Greece]]
* as far west as the island of [[Ushant]] in the [[French Third Republic|French Republic]]

In 1941, around 280 million people in Europe, more than half the population, were governed by Germany or their [[Axis powers|allies and puppet states]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=WWII: population of Germany and occupied areas 1941 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1262482/wwii-population-german-occupied-areas-mid-1941/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207095855/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1262482/wwii-population-german-occupied-areas-mid-1941/ |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |accessdate=11 March 2023 |website=Statista}}</ref> It comprised an area of {{convert|3300000|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Berend"/>

Outside of Europe, [[Afrika Korps|German forces]] controlled areas of [[North Africa]], including [[Egypt]], [[Libya]], and [[Tunisia]] between 1940 and 1945. German military scientists established the [[Schatzgräber (weather station)|Schatzgraber Weather Station]] as far north as [[Alexandra Land]] in [[Francis Joseph Land]]. Manned German weather stations also operated in [[North America]] included three in [[Greenland]], [[Holzauge]], [[:de:Unternehmen Bassgeiger|Bassgeiger]], and Edelweiss. German [[Kriegsmarine]] ships also operated in all oceans of the world throughout World War II.

==History==
Several German-occupied countries initially entered [[World War II]] as [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] of the [[United Kingdom]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4J2c4jEhjYC&q=allies+in+1939|title=Britain and Poland 1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally|last=Prazmowska|first=Anita|date=1995-03-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521483858|language=en}}</ref> or the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz_RAwAAQBAJ&q=soviet+german+alliance+ww2|title=The Devils' Alliance: Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939–1941|last=Moorhouse|first=Roger|date=2014-10-14|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465054923|language=en}}</ref> Some were forced to surrender before the outbreak of the war such as Czechoslovakia;<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0UsBgAAQBAJ&q=czechoslovakia+1938&pg=PA13|title=The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II|last1=Goldstein|first1=Erik|last2=Lukes|first2=Igor|date=2012-10-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136328329|language=en}}</ref> others like Poland (invaded on 1 September 1939)<ref name="britannica"/> were [[September campaign|conquered in battle]] and then [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied]]. In some cases, the legitimate [[government in exile|governments went into exile]], in other cases the [[governments-in-exile]] were formed by their citizens in other [[Allies of World War II|Allied countries]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xTdCwAAQBAJ&q=Governments+in+exile+second+world+war|title=Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain 1940–45|last1=Conway|first1=Martin|last2=Gotovitch|first2=José|date=2001-08-30|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=9781782389910|language=en}}</ref> Some countries occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] were officially neutral. Others were former members of the [[Axis powers]] that were subsequently occupied by German forces, such as Finland and Hungary.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=042YDgAAQBAJ&q=Axis+countries+occupied+by+Nazi+Germany|title=The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won|last=Hanson|first=Victor Davis|date=2017-10-17|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465093199|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CInVseCvW-wC&q=hungary+during+the+war+world+2|title=Hungary in World War II: Caught in the Cauldron|last=Cornelius|first=Deborah S.|date=2011|publisher=Fordham Univ Press|isbn=9780823233434|language=en}}</ref>
==Concentration camps==
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title            = Part of German-occupied Europe
| partof           = 
| image            = Himmler besichtigt die Gefangenenlager in Russland. Heinrich Himmler inspects a prisoner of war camp in Russia, circa... - NARA - 540164.jpg
| image_size       = 325px
| caption          = Head of the SS, [[Heinrich Himmler]], inspects captured prisoners in German occupied [[Minsk]], August 1941.
| location         = 
| target           = 
| date             = 1941–1945
| type             = [[Starvation]], [[death marches]], [[execution]]s, [[forced labor]]
| motive           = 
| fatalities       = 
| perps            = 
}}

Germany operated thousands of concentration camps in German-occupied Europe. The first camps were established in March 1933 immediately after Adolf Hitler became [[Chancellor of Germany]]. Following the 1934 purge of the SA, the concentration camps were run exclusively by the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] via the Concentration Camps Inspectorate and later the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office. Initially, most prisoners were members of the Communist Party of Germany, but as time went on different groups were arrested, including "habitual criminals", "[[Asociality|asocials]]", and Jews. 

After the beginning of [[World War II]], people from German-occupied Europe were imprisoned in the concentration camps.
About 1.65 million people were registered prisoners in the camps, of whom about a million died during their imprisonment. Most of the fatalities occurred during the second half of World War II, including at least 4.7 million Soviet prisoners who were registered as of January 1945.

Following Allied military victories, the camps were gradually liberated in 1944 and 1945, although hundreds of thousands of prisoners died in the death marches. 

After the expansion of Nazi Germany, people from countries occupied by the Wehrmacht were targeted and detained in concentration camps. In Western Europe, arrests focused on resistance fighters and saboteurs, but in [[Eastern Europe]] arrests included mass roundups aimed at the implementation of Nazi population policy and the forced recruitment of workers. This led to a predominance of Eastern Europeans, especially Poles, who made up the majority of the population of some camps. The ethnicities of captured people were various other groups from other different nationalities were transferred to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] or sent to local concentration camps.

== Occupied countries ==
The countries occupied included all, or most, of the following nations or territories:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country or territory of occupation
! Puppet state(s) or military administration(s)
! Timeline of occupation(s)
! German annexed or occupied territory
! Resistance movement(s)
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Albania (1934-1939).svg}} [[Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)|Albanian Kingdom]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Albania (1943-1944).svg}} [[Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)|Albanian Kingdom]]
| 8 September 1943&nbsp;– 29 November 1944
| None
| [[World War II in Albania|Albanian resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Bailiwick of Guernsey|1940}} [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]]
----
{{Flagicon|Bailiwick of Jersey}} [[Bailiwick of Jersey]]
|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|German Occupied Channel Islands]]<br/>(Part of the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Military Administration in France]])
| 30 June 1940&nbsp;– 9 May 1945 (Guernsey)
----
1 July 1940&nbsp;– 9 May 1945 (Jersey)

| None
| [[Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands|Channel Islands resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia|1938}} [[First Czechoslovak Republic]]
----
{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia|1939}} [[Second Czechoslovak Republic]]
----
{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia|1945}} [[Third Czechoslovak Republic]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}} [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]]
----
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[German Zone of Protection in Slovakia]]
| 1 October 1938&nbsp;– 11 May 1945
|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Gau Bayreuth]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Bohmen und Mahren.svg}} [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} [[Reichsgau Niederdonau]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichsgau Oberdonau]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichsgau Sudetenland]]
| [[Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakian resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Austria|variant=1933}} [[Federal State of Austria]]
| {{main|Anschluss#End of an independent Austria}} None{{efn|Although there was substantial popular support in Austria for some type of (re)unification with Germany, Chancellors [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] and his successor [[Kurt Schuschnigg]] wanted to maintain at least some type of independence. Dollfuss had implemented an authoritarian regime now termed [[Austrofascism]], continued by Schussnigg, which imprisoned many members of the [[Austrian Nazi Party]] and the [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|Social Democratic Party]] which both favored unification. Violence by Austrian Nazi Party members including the assassination of Dollfuss, along with German propaganda and ultimately threats of invasion by Adolf Hitler, eventually led Schuschnigg to capitulate and resign. Hitler, however, did not wait for his hand-picked successor, Austrian Nazi [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]], to be sworn in and ordered German troops to invade Austria at dawn on 12 March 1938, where they were met with cheering crowds and an Austrian army previously ordered not to resist.}}
| 12 March 1938 &nbsp;– 9 May 1945
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichsgau Kärnten]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichsgau Niederdonau]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichsgau Oberdonau]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichsgau Salzburg]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichsgau Steiermark]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichsgau Wien]]
|[[Austrian resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Danzig}} [[Free City of Danzig]]
|None{{efn|Upon request of its [[Senate of the Free City of Danzig#Forster Senate|Nazi-dominated senate]], the city was directly annexed to Germany along with the surrounding Polish [[Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Pomeranian Voivodeship]].}}
| 1 September 1939&nbsp;– 9 May 1945
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia]]
| [[Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig|Danzigian resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon|France|variant=1794}} [[French Third Republic|French Republic]]
----
{{flagicon image|Flag of Free France (1940-1944).svg}} [[Free France]]
----
{{flagicon|France|variant=1794}} [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]]
----
{{flagcountry|French protectorate of Tunisia}}
|
{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} [[Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France]]
----
{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Military Administration in France]]
----
{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France]]
| 10 May 1940&nbsp;– 9 May 1945
|{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} [[Gau Baden]]<br />{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} [[Gau Westmark]] <br />{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichsgau Wallonien]]
| [[French Resistance|French resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg]]
| {{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} [[Military Administration of Luxembourg]]
----
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Civil Administration of Luxembourg]]
| 10 May 1940&nbsp;– February 1945
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Gau Moselland]]
| [[Luxembourg Resistance|Luxembourg resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|1943}} [[Italian Islands of the Aegean]]
| {{flagicon|Italian Social Republic}} [[Italian Islands of the Aegean]]
| 8 September 1943&nbsp;– 8 May 1945
|None
| 
|-
| {{flagicon|Belgium|1940}} [[Belgium]]
|{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} [[Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France]]
----
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France]]
| 10 May 1940&nbsp;– 4 February 1945
|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Gau Cologne-Aachen]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichsgau Wallonien]]
| [[Belgian Resistance|Belgian resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Denmark|1940}} [[Denmark]]
|[[Denmark in World War II|Protectorate state]]
| 9 April 1940&nbsp;– 5 May 1945
|None
| [[Danish resistance movement|Danish resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece|1941}} [[Kingdom of Greece]]
|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Axis occupation of Greece#The German occupation zone|Military Administration in Greece]]
* <small>{{flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Hellenic State (1941–1944)|Hellenic State]]</small>
| 6 April 1941&nbsp;– 8 May 1945
|None
| [[Greek Resistance|Greek resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|Kingdom of Hungary]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|Kingdom of Hungary]]
* <small>{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Government of National Unity]]</small>
| 19 March 1944 &nbsp;– May 1945
|None
| [[Hungary in World War II#Resistance movement|Hungarian resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|1943}} [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| {{flagicon|Italian Social Republic}} [[Italian Social Republic]]
{{smalldiv|
*{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral]]
*{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills]]
}}
| 8 September 1943&nbsp;– 2 May 1945
| None
| [[Italian resistance movement|Italian resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]]
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichskommissariat Norwegen]]
* <small>{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Quisling regime|National Government]]</small>
| 9 April 1940&nbsp;– 8 May 1945
|None
|[[Norwegian resistance movement|Norwegian resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichskommissariat Niederlande]]
| 10 May 1940&nbsp;– 20 May 1945
|None
| [[Dutch resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Albania (1943-1944).svg}} [[Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)|Albanian Kingdom]]
----
{{flagicon image|Flag of Montenegro (1905-1918 & 1941-1944).svg}} [[German-occupied territory of Montenegro]]
----
{{flagicon|Independent State of Croatia}} [[Independent State of Croatia]]
* <small>{{flagdeco|Nazi Germany}} [[Independent State of Croatia#Zones of influence|German zone of influence]]</small>
----
{{flagicon image|Flag IMARO.svg}} [[Independent Macedonia (1944)|Independent State of Macedonia]]
----
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia]]<br/>{{smalldiv|
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} [[Commissioner Government]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} [[Government of National Salvation]]
}}
| 6 April 1941&nbsp;– 15 May 1945
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichsgau Kärnten]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichsgau Steiermark]]
| [[World War II in Yugoslavia|Yugoslav resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Monaco}} [[Monaco]]
| None
| 8 September 1943&nbsp;– 3 September 1944
|None
| 
|-
|{{Flagicon|Finland|1944}} [[Finland]]
|None
|September 15, 1944&nbsp;– April 25, 1945
|None
|Finnish resistance
|-
| {{flagicon|Lithuania|1939}} [[Republic of Lithuania]]
----
[[Provisional Government of Lithuania]]
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} [[Reichskommissariat Ostland]]
| 22 March 1939&nbsp;– 21 July 1940
----
23 June 1941&nbsp;– 5 August 1941
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Gau East Prussia]]
| [[Resistance in Lithuania during World War II|Lithuanian resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg}} [[Second Polish Republic|Republic of Poland]]
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Military Administration in Poland]]
----
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[General Government administration]]
----
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichskommissariat Ostland]]
----
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]]
| 1 September 1939&nbsp;– 9 May 1945
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} [[Bezirk Bialystok]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}}  [[Gau East Prussia]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} [[Gau Schlesien]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} [[Gau Oberschlesien]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} [[General Government]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} [[Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} [[Reichsgau Wartheland]]
|[[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon|San Marino}} [[San Marino]]
| None (military trespassing)
| 17–20 September 1944
|None
| 
|-
|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} [[Commissioner Government]]
----
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} [[Government of National Salvation]]
| April 30, 1941&nbsp;– January 1945
|None
|[[World War II in Yugoslavia|Serbian resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}} [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]]
|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[German Zone of Protection in Slovakia]]
| 23 March 1939&nbsp;– May 1945
| None
| [[Slovak National Uprising|Slovakian resistance]]
|-
| [[File:Flag of Saar 1920-1935.svg|border|23px]] [[Territory of the Saar Basin]]
|None.{{efn|In a [[Territory of the Saar Basin#Plebiscite|referendum in 1935]], over 90% of residents supported reunification with Germany over remaining a League of Nations protectorate of France and the United Kingdom or joining France.}}
| 1 March 1935&nbsp;– April 1945
|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Gau Palatinate-Saar]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Gau Saar-Palatinate]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Gau Westmark]]
| [[German resistance to Nazism|Saar Basinian resistance]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Ukraine|1941}} [[Ukrainian national government (1941)|Ukrainian National Government]]
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]]
| 30 June 1941&nbsp;– September 1941
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[General Government]]
| [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army|Ukrainian resistance]]
|-
| Parts of the {{flagicon image|Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg}} [[Soviet Union]]
| [[Lepel Republic]]
----
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Military Administration in the Soviet Union]]
* <small>{{flagicon image|Naval Ensign of Russia.svg}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Russian Liberation People's Army.svg}} [[Lokot Autonomy]]</small>
----
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichskommissariat Ostland]]
----
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]]
| 22 June 1941&nbsp;– 10 May 1945
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Bezirk]] [[Bezirk Bialystok|Bialystok]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[General Government]]
| [[Soviet partisans|Soviet resistance]]
|}

===Governments in exile===

====Allied governments in exile====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Government in exile
! style="background:#efefef;" | Capital in exile
! style="background:#efefef;" | Timeline of exile
! style="background:#efefef;" | Occupier(s)
|-
| {{flagicon|Austria|1941}} [[Austrian Democratic Union]]
| {{flagicon|UK|1940}} [[London]]
| 1941–1945
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} [[Nazi Germany|German Reich/Greater German Reich]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Free France}} [[Free France]]
| {{flagicon|UK|1940}} London<br />(1940–1941)<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Free France (1940-1944).svg}} [[Algiers]], [[French Algeria]]<br />(1942 – August 31, 1944)
| 1940 – August 31, 1944
| {{flagicon|France|1940}} [[Vichy France|French State]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} [[Nazi Germany|German Reich/Greater German Reich]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} [[Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} [[Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Poland|1928}} [[Polish government-in-exile|Government of the Republic of Poland in exile]]
|{{Flagicon|France|variant=1794}} Paris<br />(September 29/30, 1939 – 1940)<br/>{{Flagicon|France|variant=1794}} [[Angers]], [[French Third Republic|French Republic]]<br />(1940 – June 12, 1940)<br/>{{flagicon|UK|1940}} London<br />(June 12, 1940 – 1990)
| September 29/30, 1939 – December 22, 1990
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} [[Nazi Germany|German Reich/Greater German Reich]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} [[Reichskommissariat Ostland|Reich Commissariat East]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine|Reich Commissariat Ukraine]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}} [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]]<br />{{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Soviet Union]]<br />{{flagicon|Poland}} [[People's Republic of Poland]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Belgium|1940}} [[Belgian government in exile|Belgium]]
| {{flagicon|UK|1940}} London<br />(October 22, 1940 – September 8, 1944)
| October 22, 1940 – September 8, 1944
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} [[Nazi Germany|German Reich/Greater German Reich]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} [[Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} [[Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Denmark|1943}} [[Danish Freedom Council|Denmark]]
|None
| 1943–1945
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} [[Nazi Germany|German Reich/Greater German Reich]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Luxembourg|1940}} [[Luxembourg government-in-exile|Luxembourg]]
| {{flagicon|UK|1940}} London
| 1940–1944
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} [[Nazi Germany|German Reich/Greater German Reich]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Greece|royal}} [[Greek government-in-exile|Kingdom of Greece]]
| {{flagicon|Egypt|1922}} Cairo, Egypt
| April 29, 1941 – October 12, 1944
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} [[Nazi Germany|German Reich/Greater German Reich]]<br />{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|1943}} [[Kingdom of Italy]]<br />{{flagicon|Bulgaria|1941}} [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Norway|1940}} [[Nygaardsvold's Cabinet|Norway]]
| {{flagicon|UK|1940}} London
| June 7, 1940 – May 31, 1945
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940}} [[Reichskommissariat Norwegen]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} [[Yugoslav government-in-exile|Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]
| {{flagicon|UK|1941}} London
| June 7, 1941 – March 7, 1945
| [[File:Flag of Albania (1943-1944).svg|23px]] [[Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)|Albanian Kingdom]]<br />[[Commissioner Government]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Montenegro (1905-1918 & 1941-1944).svg}} [[German-occupied territory of Montenegro]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} [[Nazi Germany|German Reich/Greater German Reich]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} [[Government of National Salvation]]<br />[[File:Flag of Independent State of Croatia.svg|border|23px]] [[Independent State of Croatia]]<br />[[File:Flag IMARO.svg|23px]] [[Independent Macedonia (1944)|Independent Macedonia]]<br />{{flagicon|Bulgaria|1941}} [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941)}} [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia]]<br />
|-
| {{flagicon|Netherlands|1940}} [[Dutch government-in-exile|Netherlands]]
| {{flagicon|UK|1940}} London
| 1940–1945
|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1940)}} [[Reichskommissariat Niederlande]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia|1938}} [[Czechoslovak government-in-exile|Provisional Government of Czechoslovakia]]
|{{Flagicon|France|variant=1794}} Paris<br />(October 2, 1939 – 1940)<br/>{{flagicon|UK|1940}} London<br />(1940–1941)<br/>{{flagicon|UK|1941}} [[Aston Abbotts]], [[United Kingdom]]<br />(1941–1945)
| October 2, 1939 – April 2, 1945
|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939)}} [[Nazi Germany|German Reich/Greater German Reich]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}} [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]]
|-
|}

====Axis governments in exile====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Government in exile
! style="background:#efefef;" | Capital in exile
! style="background:#efefef;" | Timeline of exile
! style="background:#efefef;" | Occupier(s)
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Bulgaria.svg}} [[Bulgarian government-in-exile|Kingdom of Bulgaria]]
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} [[Vienna]], [[Nazi Germany|Greater German Reich]]
| September 16, 1944 – May 10, 1945
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Bulgaria.svg}} [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]]<br/>{{flagicon image|State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg}} [[Kingdom of Greece]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]
|-
|{{Flagicon|Vichy France}} [[Vichy France|French State]]
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} [[Sigmaringen]], [[Nazi Germany|Greater German Reich]]
| 1944 – April 22, 1945
| {{flagicon|France|1944}} [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg}} [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Kingdom of Hungary]]
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} [[Vienna]], [[Nazi Germany|Greater German Reich]]
----
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} [[Munich]], [[Nazi Germany|Greater German Reich]]
| March 28/29, 1945 – May 7, 1945
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} [[Third Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|Kingdom of Hungary]]<br/>{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Kingdom of Romania]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Romania}} [[National Legionary State|Kingdom of Romania]]
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} [[Vienna]], [[Nazi Germany|Greater German Reich]]
| 1944–1945
| {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Kingdom of Romania]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Montenegro (1905–1918, 1941–1944).svg}} [[German-occupied territory of Montenegro|Montenegrin State Council]]
| {{flagicon|Independent State of Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], [[Independent State of Croatia]]
| Summer of 1944 – May 8, 1945
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}} [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]]
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} [[Kremsmünster]], [[Nazi Germany|Great-German Reich]]
| April 4, 1945 – 8 May 1945
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} [[Third Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]]
|-
| | {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} [[Government of National Salvation]]
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1944}} [[Kitzbühel]], [[Nazi Germany|Great-German Reich]]
| October 7, 1944 – 8 May 1945
| {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Soviet Union]]
|}

====Neutral governments in exile====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Government in exile
! style="background:#efefef;" | Capital in exile
! style="background:#efefef;" | Timeline of exile
! style="background:#efefef;" | Occupier(s)
|-
| {{flagicon|Belarus|1991}} [[Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic|Belarusian Democratic Republic]]
| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia|1919}} [[Prague]], [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]]<br />(1923–1938)
----
{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia|1938}} [[Prague]], [[Second Czechoslovak Republic|Czecho-Slovak Republic]]<br />(1938–1939)
----
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} [[Prague]], [[Nazi Germany|German Reich/Greater German Reich]]<br />(1939–1945)
| 1919 – present
| {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} [[Nazi Germany|German Reich/Greater German Reich]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} [[Reichskommissariat Ostland|Realm Commissariat East]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine|Realm Commissariat Ukraine]]<br />{{flagicon|Poland|1918}} [[Second Polish Republic|Republic of Poland]]<br />{{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Soviet Union]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Estonia|1940}} [[Estonian government-in-exile|Republic of Estonia]]
| {{flagicon|Sweden|1944}} [[Stockholm]], [[Kingdom of Sweden]]<br />(1944 – August 20, 1991)
----
{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], [[United States]]
| June 17, 1940 – August 20, 1991
|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} [[Reichskommissariat Ostland]]<br />{{flagicon|Soviet Union|1940}} [[Soviet Union]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine.svg}} [[President of Ukraine (in exile)|Ukrainian People's Republic]]
| {{flagicon|Poland|1920}} [[Warsaw]], [[Second Polish Republic|Republic of Poland]]<br />(1920–1939)
----
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} [[Prague]], [[Nazi Germany|German Reich/Greater German Reich]]<br />(1939–1944)
| 1920 – August 22, 1992
|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1939}} [[Nazi Germany|German Reich/Greater German Reich]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]]<br />{{flagicon|Romania|1941}} [[Kingdom of Romania]]<br />{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1941}} [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]]<br />{{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Soviet Union]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[Areas annexed by Germany]]
* [[Underground media in German-occupied Europe]]
* ''[[Drang nach Osten]]'' ("The Drive Eastward")
* [[Greater Germanic Reich]]
* ''[[Lebensraum]]'' ("Living Space")
* ''[[New Order (Nazism)|Neuordnung]]'' ("New Order")
* [[Pan-Germanism]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Bank, Jan. ''Churches and Religion in the Second World War (Occupation in Europe)'' (2016).
* Gildea, Robert and Olivier Wieviorka. ''Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: Daily Life in Occupied Europe'' (2007).
* Klemann, Hein A.M. and Sergei Kudryashov, eds. ''Occupied Economies: An Economic History of Nazi-Occupied Europe, 1939–1945'' (2011).
* Lagrou, Pieter. ''The Legacy of Nazi Occupation: Patriotic Memory and National Recovery in Western Europe, 1945–1965'' (1999).
*{{cite book|last=Mazower|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Mazower|title=Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe|publisher=Allen Lane|location=London|year=2008|isbn=9780713996814}}
* Scheck, Raffael; Fabien Théofilakis; and Julia S. Torrie, eds. ''German-occupied Europe in the Second World War'' (Routledge, 2019), 276 pp. [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54358 online review].
* Snyder, Timothy. ''Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin'' (2010), on Eastern Europe.
* Toynbee, Arnold, ed. ''Survey of International Affairs, 1939–1946: Hitler's Europe'' (Oxford University Press, 1954), 730 pp. [https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/60/2/365/109404?redirectedFrom=fulltext online review];  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84095 full text online free].

===Primary sources===
* Carlyle Margaret, ed. ''Documents on International Affairs, 1939–1946. Volume II, Hitler's Europe'' (Oxford University Press, 1954), 362 pp.

==External links==
* [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/euro1942.htm Map of Europe in 1942]
* [http://www.worldwar2history.info/war/Allies.html Allies]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/germany_advances_through_europe BBC - History - Germany advances through Europe (pictures, video, facts & news)]
* [http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupationʘ{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ]{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Nazi Germany occupations}}
{{World War II}}
{{WWII history by nation}}

[[Category:World War II occupied territories]]
[[Category:German military occupations|Europe]]
[[Category:Axis powers]]
[[Category:Nazi Germany]]