Glaciokarst
Glaciokarst is a geological term that refers to a specific type of karst landscape that has been influenced significantly by past glacial activity.[1]
Karst landscapes consist of distinctive surface and subsurface landforms. These landforms are a result from dissolution of soluble rocks like limestone, gypsum or dolomite by water.[2] In the case of glaciokarst, the karst landscape has been shaped by the action of glaciers due to glacial erosion, deposition or other processes that directly impact the soluble rocks in the area.[3] This unique blend of processes results in a landscape that not only documents the deep history of glaciation but also exemplifies the resilience and adaptability of the Earth's geological systems. Examples of glaciokarst landscapes are found in the Western Alps or the Eastern Alps such as Tennengebirge, Dachstein Mountains and even the Altai Mountains.[4]
Formation of glaciokarst
[edit]Glaciokarst landscapes form through a interactions between ice and certain types of rock, like limestone, gypsum, or dolomite, that are able to dissolve in water.[5] When vast glaciers move over the land, they shape it by carving valleys and other glacial features. As these glaciers melt, the water formed contains a mild acid that can dissolve these specific rocks, creating gaps and hidden spaces underground.[5] Over time, the combination of glacial sculpting and rock dissolution produces distinct landforms such as sinkholes and caves within the regions affected by glaciers.[5] This creates a unique landscape showcasing the combined effects of glacier movement and the gradual erosion of rock, offering a fascinating array of features for exploration and study.[5]
Example: Velež Mountain
[edit]An example of a formation of a glaciokarst is the glaciokarst of the Velež Mountain. This landscape showcase a karst terrain significantly affected by glacial processes during the Pleistocene period.[3] This landscape includes valley glaciers and a plateau glacier, primarily located on the northern slopes. The northern slopes exhibit features shaped by glacial erosion, presenting cirques, pavements, and roches moutonnées covered with small-scale karst features.[3] While in the lower regions of the Velež Mountain, formed significant moraine ridges, lateral moraines, breach-lobe moraines, and smaller recessional moraines, varying in composition and heights.[3] The absence of valley discharge and the presence of indicators of glacial erosion hint at a pattern of vertical drainage of sub-glacial waters into the karst landscape.[3] The outwash fans that filled some hollow areas displayed a change in the kind of dirt they carried, going from rough near the ice's edge to finer stuff as they moved away. This change shows how much glaciers shaped the mountain's land and water pathways.[3]
Characteristics of glaciokarst
[edit]Glaciokarst landscapes have an array of unique features resulting from the fusion of glacial and karstic processes. Typical features found in glaciokarst landscapes may include glacially carved valleys, sinkholes formed by the dissolution of bedrock, and ice-contact features.[6][7] Glaciokarsts encompass various classifications based on multiple criteria.[8] These classifications include distinctions regarding the presence of meltwater, the types of karstic rocks involved, proximity to the Equator, the relationship between glaciers and karst formations, the geographical location of the glaciokarsts, and the rate of glaciation.[6][9] Glaciokarsts are predominantly composed of limestone but can also form on marble, dolomite, and gypsum.[2] Structurally, they are categorized into Alpine or continental types, and geosyncline or tabular types.[6] They can exist in marine or terrestrial environments, each with varying levels of precipitation and ice cover impacting the karst formations.[1] The interaction between the processes of glaciation and karstification can create intriguing geological formations and landscapes.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Veress, Márton; Telbisz, Tamás; Tóth, Gábor; Lóczy, Dénes; A. Ruban, Dmitry; M. Gutak, Jaroslav (2019). "Glaciokarsts". Springer Geography. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97292-3. ISBN 978-3-319-97291-6. ISSN 2194-315X.
- ^ a b "Karst Landscapes - Caves and Karst (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
- ^ a b c d e f Veress, Márton (2018-09-05), Glacial Erosion on Karst, Springer Geography, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 71–114, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97292-3_3, ISBN 978-3-319-97291-6, retrieved 2023-10-26
- ^ Telbisz, Tamás; Tóth, Gábor; A. Ruban, Dmitry; M. Gutak, Jaroslav (2018-09-05), "Notable Glaciokarsts of the World", Springer Geography, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 373–499, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97292-3_9, ISBN 978-3-319-97291-6, retrieved 2023-10-26
- ^ a b c d Veress, Márton (2018-09-05), Karst Landforms of Glaciokarst and Their Development, Springer Geography, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 115–219, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97292-3_4, ISBN 978-3-319-97291-6, retrieved 2023-11-09
- ^ a b c Veress, Márton; Lóczy, Dénes (2018-09-05), "General Description of Glaciokarsts", Springer Geography, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 23–69, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97292-3_2, ISBN 978-3-319-97291-6, retrieved 2023-10-26
- ^ Žebre, Manja; Stepišnik, Uroš (2015-09-15). "Glaciokarst landforms and processes of the southern Dinaric Alps". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 40 (11): 1493–1505. Bibcode:2015ESPL...40.1493Z. doi:10.1002/esp.3731. ISSN 0197-9337.
- ^ Veress, Márton (2017-10-01). "Solution DOLINE development on GLACIOKARST in alpine and Dinaric areas". Earth-Science Reviews. 173: 31–48. Bibcode:2017ESRv..173...31V. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.08.006. ISSN 0012-8252.
- ^ Benn, Douglas; Evans, David J A (2014-02-04). Glaciers and Glaciation, 2nd edition. doi:10.4324/9780203785010. ISBN 978-1-4441-2839-0.