Gold mining in Nova Scotia
Gold mining has been a part of Nova Scotia's heritage for 150 plus years and continues to this day. Over a million ounces of gold have been produced in the province since mining began in 1861. Although not as well known as the gold rushes of California, the Klondike, Australia, and South Africa, three distinct rushes resulted in an economic boom in the province and saw the birth of many new communities.[1]
Geology
Most gold mining in the province has taken place south of the Minas Fault Zone in Meguma terrane, with three more mines in Cape Breton.[2]
The discovery
Gold may have been sighted as early as 1578 when explorer Sir Humphrey Gilbert was given a patent to explore for gold and silver in the New World and explored along the coast.[3][4] Additionally, village names such as Bras d'Or, Cape d'Or, and Jeddore (Jet d'Or) indicate that French settlers may have found gold, but no ancient workings or proof has been found.[3]
Gold was officially discovered in Nova Scotia in late May 1860, by John G. Pulsifer at Mooseland, Halifax County.[3] Prior to this, unofficial discoverys were made in the Musquodoboit and Fort Clarence areas in 1857. The first authenticated discovery was made by Captain Champagne L'Estrange of the Royal Artillery in 1858 in Mooseland, the same area where Pulsifer made his discovery two years later.[4]
The first Gold Rush (1861–1874)
The first gold rush in Nova Scotia began in 1861 and lasted until 1874. Gold hysteria attracted thousands to the gold fields. This was the most dramatic of the rushes, initially characterized by the frenzy of inexperienced miners with dreams of striking it rich.[5]
In the beginning, the miners panned for gold or smashed quartz rocks with hand tools at small individual claims. Within a year, companies began arriving in the area with heavy machinery to construct shafts, dig ore, crush rock, and process the gold. They had the capital to finance underground mines and bought up smaller claims, consolidating them into larger holdings.[5]
In an effort to control the gold hysteria in April 1861, the government of Nova Scotia intervened and declared the Mooseland and nearby Tangier gold districts.[6] After the declaration, other discoveries along the Eastern Shore were quick to follow in the next half year. The communities of Tangier, Lawrencetown, The Ovens, Wine Harbour, Sherbrooke (Goldenville), Waverley, Country Harbour, Isaacs Harbour and Gold River sprung up ‘overnight’ and the miners and their families moved in.[3]
The second Gold Rush (1896–1903)
The second gold rush period was dominated by large companies, who continued buying up smaller claims, and hiring locals to mine and operate the stamp mills and machinery. Individual consignment miners, known as tributors, worked claims as well. The province became known as the place of “rich man’s diggings” due to the large costs involved in deep mines working lower grade ore. Capital investment, often American and British, and the improved technology needed to build and operate the mines ballooned into a multimillion-dollar industry. This period is considered the golden age of gold mining in Nova Scotia. Production exceeded 20,000 ounces per year for sixteen years and in three of those years exceeded 30,000 ounces annually (1898, 1900, 1901.) Along with racking up the highest yields per year, this period is noted more for organized planning than feverish hysteria.[5]
The third Gold Rush (1932–1942)
The demand for arsenopyrite a mineral associated with gold in Nova Scotia along with cheap energy costs and an increase in the price of gold (US$20.67 to US$34 per ounce), created an impetus for Nova Scotia’s third gold rush. The rush spanned ten years (1932-1942) and 158,000 ounces (4,479,300 g) of gold were produced. [7]
Recent developments
DDV Gold Ltd. are in the process of starting an open pit gold mine at Moose River Gold Mines. Deposits at the project named Touquoy hold an estimated 635,000 ounces of gold, worth $700 million in 2012.[8] The Moose River Gold Mines site will also process ore from the company's mine at its Beaver Dam deposit, 37km away, which has an estimated yield of 426,600 ounces.[9] This will save the construction of a second tailings pond, and an old bush road will be upgraded to facilitate transport. The Moose River mine will have a life of five years and Beaver Dam just three.[10] Production is expected to begin in 2015 or 2016.[11]
Gold districts[3]
There are 65 declared gold districts in Nova Scotia. There were around 350 mines worked in these districts.[1]
| Region | District | Production Start | Production Finish | Production | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yarmouth | Carleton | 1879 | 1940 | 190.2 | |
| Yarmouth | Chegoggin | 1883 | ca. 1883, Production not available. | ||
| Yarmouth | Cranberry Head | 1870 | 1900 | 249.3 | |
| Yarmouth | Kemptvllle | 1885 | 1939 | 2487.90 | |
| Kejlmkujlk | Brookfield | 1887 | 1936 | 43147.50 | |
| Kejlmkujlk | Fifteen Mile Brook | 1902 | 1934 | 880.6 | |
| Kejlmkujlk | Molega (Malaga) | 1888 | 1950 | 33460.20 | |
| Kejlmkujlk | Pleasant River Barrens | 1890 | 1913 | 111.8 | |
| Kejlmkujlk | Stanburn | 1933 | 1936 | 12.7 | |
| Kejlmkujlk | West Caledonia | 1925 | 1.7 | ||
| Kejlmkujlk | Whiteburn | 1887 | 1955 | 11906.70 | |
| South Shore | Blockhouse | 1896 | 1938 | 3588.50 | |
| South Shore | Gold River | 1889 | 1940 | 7610.40 | |
| South Shore | Leipsigate (Millipsigate) | 1884 | 1946 | 13563.20 | |
| South Shore | Mill Village | 1901 | 1951 | 909.8 | |
| South Shore | The Ovens | 1862 | 1958 | 550.4 | |
| South Shore | Voglers Cove | 1905 | 43.4 | ||
| Central | Ardolse | 1890 | 1904 | 6.8 | |
| Central | Central Rawdon | 1888 | 1939 | 6920.50 | |
| Central | Chezzetcook | 1883 | 1944 | 5528.10 | |
| Central | Cow Bay | 1896 | 1937 | 1483.50 | |
| Central | East Rawdon | 1884 | 1932 | 13501.00 | |
| Central | Elmsdale | 1890 | 1.4 | ||
| Central | Gays River | 1870 | 1968 | 2268.20 | |
| Central | Lake Catcha | 1887 | 1961 | 17961.50 | |
| Central | Lawrencetown | 1862 | 1912 | 866.7 | |
| Central | McKay Settlement | 1904 | 1910 | 13.5 | |
| Central | Montague | 1863 | 1940 | 65196.90 | |
| Central | Mount Uniacke | 1867 | 1941 | 27737.00 | |
| Central | Oldham | 1862 | 1946 | 85177.50 | |
| Central | Renfrew | 1862 | 1958 | 51595.50 | |
| Central | South Uniacke | 1888 | 1948 | 20762.10 | |
| Central | Waverley | 1862 | 1940 | 72566.60 | |
| Central | West Gore | 1905 | 1939 | 7148.80 | |
| Eastern Shore | Beaver Dam | 1889 | 1949 | 966.7 | |
| Eastern Shore | Caribou | 1869 | 1968 | 91335.80 | |
| Eastern Shore | Clam Harbour | 1904 | 53.9 | ||
| Eastern Shore | Ecum Secum | 1893 | 1935 | 1300.00 | |
| Eastern Shore | Fifteen Mile Stream | 1878 | 1941 | 21291.60 | |
| Eastern Shore | Gold Lake | 1890 | 1899 | 38.6 | |
| Eastern Shore | Harrigan Cove | 1874 | 1961 | 8071.30 | |
| Eastern Shore | Killag | 1889 | 1951 | 3583.60 | |
| Eastern Shore | Lake Charlotte | 1938 | 1964 | 77.5 | |
| Eastern Shore | Little Liscomb Lake | 1893 | 1935 | 51.9 | |
| Eastern Shore | Lochaber | 1883 | 2.3 | ||
| Eastern Shore | Miller Lake | 1902 | 1951 | 538.8 | |
| Eastern Shore | Moosehead | 1899 | 1935 | 431.1 | |
| Eastern Shore | Mooseland | 1863 | 1934 | 3865.10 | 1860, First Discovery in Nova Scotia |
| Eastern Shore | Moose River | 1888 | 1939 | 25917.20 | Production before 1888 included with Caribou |
| Eastern Shore | Quoddy | 1906 | 1 | ||
| Eastern Shore | Salmon River (Darrs Hill) | 1881 | 1939 | 41805.40 | |
| Eastern Shore | Sheet Harbour | 1898 | 1935 | 3.9 | |
| Eastern Shore | Ship Harbour | 1935 | 1937 | 7.4 | |
| Eastern Shore | Tangier | 1862 | 1919 | 26286.50 | |
| Eastern Shore | Upper Stewiacke | 1906 | 1907 | 43.9 | |
| Stormont | Caledonia | 1934 | 1956 | 3.6 | |
| Stormont | Cochrane Hill | 1877 | 1982 | 2081.30 | |
| Stormont | Country Harbour | 1871 | 1951 | 9959.70 | |
| Stormont | Forest Hill | 1895 | 1957 | 25102.40 | |
| Stormont | Goldenville (Sherbrooke) | 1862 | 1941 | 209383.30 | |
| Stormont | Isaacs Harbour | 1862 | 1958 | 39694.30 | |
| Stormont | Lower Seal Harbour | 1894 | 1949 | 34188.20 | |
| Stormont | Upper Seal Harbour | 1893 | 1958 | 57845.70 | |
| Stormont | Wine Harbour | 1862 | 1939 | 42346.50 | |
| Cape Breton | Wagmatacook (Middle River) | 1864 | 1943 | 1729.40 | |
| Cape Breton | Stirling | 1936 | 1956 | 16681.10 |
References
- ^ a b "The History of Gold Mining in Nova Scotia" (HTML). 2013. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
{{cite web}}:|chapter=ignored (help) - ^ "Gold map". Nova Scotia Gold. Art Museum of Nova Scotia. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
- ^ a b c d e *Bates, Jennifer (1987), Gold in Nova Scotia (pdf), retrieved 2014-04-15
- ^ a b "The History of Gold Mining in Nova Scotia" (HTML). 2013. Retrieved 2014-04-15.
{{cite web}}:|chapter=ignored (help) - ^ a b c "The History of Gold Mining in Nova Scotia" (HTML). 2013. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
{{cite web}}:|chapter=ignored (help) - ^ "The History of Gold Mining in Nova Scotia" (HTML). 2013. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
{{cite web}}:|chapter=ignored (help) - ^ Gold in Nova Scotia by Jennifer L. E. Bates
- ^ "Moose River gold mine project gets green light. Natural Resources Minister says decision 'difficult' to make". CBCNews. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Jun 15, 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ^ "Atlantic Gold Announces Updated Mineral Resource Estimate for Beaver Dam Deposit, Nova Scotia". Market Wired. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ^ GORMAN, MICHAEL (July 6, 2015). "Moose River mine rule change approved". The Chronicle Herald. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ^ ERSKINE, BRUCE (April 4, 2014). "Golden opportunity: N.S. could be on the verge of a mining renaissance". The Chronicle Herald. Retrieved 23 October 2015.