Gradislav Borilović
Gradislav Borilović | |
|---|---|
| vojvoda (general) veliki vojvoda or stegonoša (standard-bearer) kaznac (financial office) tepčija (financial office) | |
 ktetor portrait in the Treskavec Monastery. | |
| Died | After 1352 |
| Buried | Treskavec Monastery |
Gradislav Borilović (Serbian Cyrillic: Градислав Бориловић, Greek: Μποριλοβίκης[a]; fl. 1325–1352) was a Serbian magnate in the service of Stefan Uroš III Dečanski (r. 1321-1331) and Stefan Dušan (r. 1331-1355), having the titles of vojvoda (general), kaznac, and tepčija (the latter two were financial offices). Gradislav led the Serbian army that fought the Ottoman emirate at the Battle of Demotika in October 1352. The battle was fought between the allies of the two rival Byzantine Emperors, John V Palaiologos and John VI Kantakouzenos, and it was the first major battle of the Ottomans on European soil, which ended in a Serbian defeat. Greek sources spoke of Gradislav as "truly one of the most respectable among the Serbs".[1]
Service under Stefan Uroš III
[edit]Metropolitan Arsenije of Prizren, kaznac Baldovin, vojvoda Gradislav, župan Vratko, knez Grgur Kurjaković, stavilac Miloš, vojvoda Dejan Manjak, Gradislav Sušenica, Nikola Buća, and archdeacon Marin Baranić, all signed the document issued by Stefan Uroš III, dated 22 January 1325, for the sale of Ston and Pelješac to the Republic of Ragusa;[2] the two possessions were officially handed over in 1333.[3][4] The title of vojvoda was the supreme court title at the time (the hierarchy being stavilac, čelnik, kaznac, tepčija and vojvoda).[5]
In 1330, an alliance was formed by Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire, which sought to invade Serbia. In 1330, Young King Dušan defeated Bulgarian Emperor Michael III Shishman at Velbazhd, after which King Uroš III appointed his nephew Ivan Stefan at the Bulgarian throne in August. Uroš III now had the chance to attack the Byzantines, but chose not to, resulting in the alienation of much of the nobility that sought expansion to the south.[6] This resulted in a conflict between Uroš III and his son, which ended with Dušan being crowned King in September 1331.[6] Gradislav, as some other magnates which had served Uroš III (e.g. Vojvoda Vojin, Đuraš Ilijić), supported Dušan in this conflict.
Service under Stefan Dušan
[edit]Gradislav is mentioned in 1333 as a vexillifer (stegonoša, "standard-bearer", equivalent of veliki vojvoda).[7] That title had earlier been bestowed upon Mladen and Vojin.[8] In c. 1337, he donated a village to the Treskavec Monastery, which had been renovated by Stefan Dušan.[9] He was mentioned with the court title tepčija in Dušan's second charter to Treskavec, dated some time between 1336 and 1345.[10]
During the Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 between the regency of John Palaiologos and John Kantakouzenos, the latter allied himself with the Turkic Aydin and Ottoman emirates, and initially also with Stefan Dušan (1342–43). Dušan however switched sides and expanded his domains into Byzantine territory. The Aydin emirate defeated the Serbian army at Stephaniana (1344), but it was not able to thwart Dušan's conquest of Macedonia and Epirus.[11] During these events, tepčija Gradislav was mentioned alongside Konstantin Sevastokratorović and kastrophylax Dragman.[12]
On April 16, 1346, Dušan was proclaimed "Emperor and autocrat of Serbs" by Serbian Patriarch Joanikije II.[13] The Byzantine war ended with a political victory for Kantakouzenos, who was recognized as senior emperor for ten years, after which he and Palaiologos would reign as equals.[14] Dušan continued in a war with Kantakouzenos, whose son Matthew, now stripped of his inheritance, set up a semi-autonomous polity in western Thrace, a march against Serbia.[15]
In the Byzantine civil war which began in 1352, John Palaiologos obtained the help of Serbia, while John Kantakouzenos sought help from Orhan I, the Ottoman bey.[16] Kantakouzenos marched into Thrace to rescue his son, Matthew, who was attacked by Palaiologos shortly after being given this appanage and then refusing to recognize John Palaiologos as heir to the throne.[16] The Ottoman troops retook some cities that had surrendered to John Palaiologos, and Kantakouzenos allowed them to plunder, including Adrianople, thus it seemed that Kantakouzenos was defeating John Palaiologos, who now retreated to Serbia.[16] Emperor Stefan Dušan sent Palaiologos a cavalry force of 4,000[16] or 6,000[1] under the command of Gradislav[17][1] (mentioned as "Borilović the kaznac" (Κασνιτζὸς ό Μποριλοβίκης),[1] Naumov believe that this "kaznac Borilović" was in fact his brother or a close relative[1]) while Orhan I provided Kantakouzenos 10,000 horsemen.[16] The two armies met at an open-field battle near Demotika (modern Didymoteicho) in October 1352,[16] which would decide the fate of the Byzantine Empire, without the direct involvement of the Byzantines.[18] The more numerous Ottomans defeated the Serbs, and Kantakouzenos retained the power, while Palaiologos fled to Venetian Tenedos.[18] According to Kantakouzenos about 7,000 Serbs fell at the battle (deemed exaggerated), while Nikephoros Gregoras (1295–1360) gave the number as 4,000.[17] The battle was the first major battle of the Ottomans on European soil, and it made Stefan Dušan realize the major threat of the Ottomans to Eastern Europe.[18]
He was buried in the Treskavec Monastery, which include ktitor portraits of him and his wife. It is not known when exactly he had acquired the title of tepčija, though it was most likely at the end of his life.
See also
[edit]- Gradislav Sušenica, stavilac
- Gradislav Vojšić, čelnik
Annotations
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Vizantološki institut 1986, p. 553.
- ^ Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti (1908). Glas. Vol. 78–80. p. 252.
- ^ Vizantološki institut (2004). Zbornik radova (in Serbian). Vol. 41–42. Belgrade: Vizantološki institut (Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti). pp. 389–390.
- ^ Blagojević 2001, p. 20.
- ^ Blagojević 2001, p. 211.
- ^ a b Fine 1994, pp. 273–274.
- ^ a b c Etnografski institut (1961), Glasnik (in Serbian), vol. 9–10, Etnografski institut (Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti), p. 35
- ^ Blagojević 2001, p. 37, "...је у питању велики властелин стегоноша, односно војвода стегоноша, истог ранга као што су били војвода Младен или војвода Војин, као и војвода Градислав у служби краља Душана.".
- ^ Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti (1908). Glas. p. 202.
скога помиње се тепчија Градислав.") Без сумње је то онај исти који је око 1337 уз поклоне краља СтеФана Душана и сам поклонио једно село манастиру Трескавцу код Прилепа.") Тешчија се помиње одмах после бана и казнаца ...
- ^ Recueil de travaux de l'Institut des études byzantines. Institut. 2005.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 304, Soulis 1984, p. 25
- ^ Vizantološki institut 1986, p. 522, ... Славлне и Византин I, 196 је одашил>ање казнаца Борило- вића тумачио опрезношћу српског цара, који није желео да сам крене у помоћ Јовану V Палеологу. У домаћим изворима постоје подаци о Градиславу Бориловићу који је 1333. године био војвода, а касније је постао тепчија ... да су покрети великаша за осамостаљивањем уз подршку Визан- тије почели и пре 1350. године: као доказе наводи околност да се тепчија Градислав (Бориловић), Констаитин Севастократоровић и кастрофилакс Драгман.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 309.
- ^ Nicol 1993, p. 210
- ^ Nicol 1993, pp. 215–216; Fine 1994, pp. 308–309, 321–322
- ^ a b c d e f Fine 1994, p. 325.
- ^ a b Fajfrić 2000, 40. Turci nadiru na BalkanĆorović 2001, VIII. Дело цара Душана
- ^ a b c Fine 1994, p. 326.
- ^ Blagojević 2001, p. 37.
Sources
[edit]- Blagojević, Miloš (2001). Državna uprava u srpskim srednjovekovnim zemljama (in Serbian). Službeni list SRJ. ISBN 9788635504971.
- Ćorović, Vladimir (2001) [1997]. Istorija srpskog naroda (in Serbian) (Internet ed.). Belgrade: Ars Libri.
- Fajfrić, Željko (2000) [1998], Sveta loza Stefana Nemanje (in Serbian) (Internet ed.), Belgrade: Janus; Rastko., chapter 40
- Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5
- Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1993), The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6
- Soulis, George Christos (1984), The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his successors, Dumbarton Oaks, ISBN 0-88402-137-8
- Vizantološki institut (1986). Vizantijski izvori za istoriju naroda Jugoslavije. Vol. 6. Vizantološki institut (Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti). pp. 522, 553.