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Great Father and Great Mother

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Great Father and Great Mother were titles used by colonial powers in North America during the 19th century to refer to the President of the United States, the Monarch of Canada, the King of Spain, or the King of France during interactions with indigenous peoples. Contrary to depictions in popular culture, there are no recorded instances of the terms "Great White Father" or "Great White Mother" being used[[[The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples#{{{section}}}|contradictory]]], and such terms would be unlikely to have been adopted by indigenous Americans who generally did not have a concept of race. The addition of the word "white" may have entered popular lexicon via western adventure novels.[1]

History

A lithograph, circa 1835, shows Andrew Jackson as the "Great Father" caring for Native Americans, who are depicted as children.

First Nations peoples and Native Americans most often organized themselves by clan and family; ties of kinship were considered central to intertribal relations and the understanding of tribal political power. In the Iroquois Confederacy, for instance, the relations between individual bands were metaphorically described using paternal (parent to child), or fraternal (sibling to sibling) terms to indicate the importance of two groups in relation to each other.[2] Within this context, and to make themselves better understood during treaty negotiations, British representatives often referred to Jehovah (aka God or the Lord) as "the Great Father,"

It was also possible to refer to King George III and Queen Victoria as "the Great Father" and "the Great Mother," respectively, and to the native people as his or her "Red Children." David Laird invoked the phrase while explaining Treaty 7 to the Blackfoot:[3]

"The Great Spirit has made all things—the sun, the moon, and the stars, the earth, the forest, and the swift running rivers. It is by the Great Spirit that the Queen rules over this great country and other great countries. The Great Spirit has made the white man and the red man brothers, and we should take each other by the hand. The Great Mother loves all her children, white man and red man alike; she wishes to do them all good."

The anthropologist Raymond DeMallie has explained that - due to the nature of Native American society - the use of kinship terms such as "Great Father" and "Great Mother" was a cunning diplomatic tactic, and not an assertion of Native inferiority. In many cases the representatives who negotiated treaties on behalf of the "Great Father" referred to themselves as the "brothers" of indigenous peoples; among some tribes it was a grave offense to refuse anything to a brother.[4]

In the United States, the primacy of the Great Father was promoted through elaborate displays of military pageantry, the use of mystical language to describe the far-removed President, and the distribution of "peace medals" bearing the portrait of the sitting head of state (giving gifts, such as peace medals, further reinforced the paternal nature of the relationship as gift giving, in many Native cultures, was typically reserved for parent-child interaction). As in Canada, Native peoples were referred to as the "children" of the Great Father; so intense was the myth created surrounding him that chiefs brought to Washington, D.C. to meet the President often manifested symptoms of terror prior to an audience. Lean Bear, upon being presented to Abraham Lincoln at the White House, reportedly found himself suddenly unable to speak. Winnebago chief Hoowaneka recalled his audience with John Quincy Adams by explaining "I thought I was in heaven, and the old man there, I thought was the Great Spirit."[1]

The profile of Thomas Jefferson is featured on an 1801 peace medal.

An example of an invocation of the term "Great Father" by an American official can be found in a decree given by Thomas L. McKenney to the Menominee, in which McKenney declares he has received instructions from the Great Father to appoint a penultimate chief with whom the United States could negotiate.[5]

"Your Great Father, who lives in the Great Village towards the rising sun, has heard confused sounds from the lands where his Menominee children hunt. He thinks it is because there are too many mouths here and that all speak at once. He wants one mouth, that he may hear more distinctly, and one pair of eyes to see through, and a pair of ears to hear for him. He said to me - go, select from my Menominee children the best man and make him chief. Give him good things. Put a medal around his neck, and a robe over his shoulders, and give him a flag ... tell him the Great Father takes him fast by the hand today, and that this medal unites them. "

On occasions when territory would pass from one colonial power to another, the new power might refer to the former Great Father in past-tense, as when William Henry Harrison addressed the Shawnee, declaring that "my children, let us look back to times that are past. It has been a long time since you called the King of Great Britain your father." [6] In the United States, additional titles would sometimes be invoked to explain the political authority of the President to Native Americans, often as a "chief" of many "fires" (fire used as a metonym for state). In 1791, for instance, Henry Knox greeted the Miami on behalf of "General Washington, the Great Chief of the Thirteen Fires," while John Adams would come to be known to the same tribe as the "Great Chief of the Seventeen Fires."[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Viola, Herman (2004). Diplomats in Buckskins. University of Oklahoma Press Press. pp. 94–95. ISBN 0806199350.
  2. ^ Miller, James (2004). Reflections on Native-newcomer Relations: Selected Essays. University of Toronto Press. pp. 205–208. ISBN 0802086691.
  3. ^ Montpetit, Isabelle (26 May 2011). "Treaties from 1760 - 1923: Two sides to the story". cbc.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  4. ^ Carter, Sarah (2004). ""Your Great Mother Across the Salt Sea": Prairie First Nations, the British Monarchy and the Vice Regal Connection to 1900". mhs.mb.ca. Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  5. ^ Prucha, Francis (1995). The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians. University of Nebraska Press. p. 263. ISBN 0803287348.
  6. ^ Brice, Wallace (1868). History of Fort Wayne. D. W. Jones & Son. p. 176.
  7. ^ "Battle of Kekionga" (PDF). archfw.org. Architecture and Community Heritage. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
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