Harry Hammond Hess: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox scientist |
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|name = Harry Hammond Hess |
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|image =Hess.gif |
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|image_size =150px |
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|caption =Harry Hess commanding the [[USS Cape Johnson (AP-172)|USS ''Cape Johnson''.]] |
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|birth_date = May 24, 1906 |
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|birth_place = New York City |
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|death_date = August 25, 1969 |
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|death_place = Woods Hole, Massachusetts |
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|residence = |
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|citizenship = |
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|nationality = [[United States]] |
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|ethnicity = |
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|field = [[Geology]] |
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|work_institutions = |
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|alma_mater = Princeton University |
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|doctoral_advisor = |
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|doctoral_students = [[John Tuzo Wilson]]<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.mssu.edu/seg-vm/bio_j__tuzo_wilson.html |
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| title = J Tuzo Wilson |
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| publisher = Society of Exploration Geophysics |
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| work = Virtual Geoscience Center |
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}}</ref><br /> |
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[[Ronald Oxburgh]] |
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|known_for = |
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|author_abbrev_zoo = |
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|influences = [[Felix Andries Vening Meinesz|F. A. Vening-Meinesz]]<ref>{{cite book |first=H. |last=Frankel |chapter=The Continental Drift Debate |title=Scientific Controversies: Case Solutions in the resolution and closure of disputes in science and technology |editor=H.T. Engelhardt Jr and A.L. Caplan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=lp_n-Ng-hhoC&pg=PA203&lpg=PA203&dq=Scientific+Controversies:+Case+Solutions+in+the+resolution+and+closure+of+disputes+in+science+and+technology.+continental+drift+debate#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0-521-27560-6}}</ref> |
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|influenced = |
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|prizes = |
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|footnotes = |
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}} |
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'''Harry Hammond Hess''' (May 24, 1906 – August 25, 1969) was a [[geologist]] and [[United States Navy]] officer in [[World War II]]. |
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Considered one of the "founding fathers" of the unifying [[theory]] of [[plate tectonics]], [[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear Admiral]] Harry Hammond Hess was born on May 24, 1906 in [[New York City]]. He is best known for his theories on [[sea floor spreading]], specifically work on relationships between [[island arc]]s, seafloor [[gravity anomaly|gravity anomalies]], and [[Serpentine group|serpentinized]] [[peridotite]], suggesting that the convection of the Earth's [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] was the driving force behind this process. This work provided a conceptual base for the development of the [[theory]] of [[plate tectonics]]. |
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==Teaching career== |
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Harry Hess taught for a year (1932–1933) at [[Rutgers]] University in [[New Jersey]] and spent a year as a research associate at the [[geophysics|Geophysical Laboratory]] of [[Washington, D. C.]], before joining the faculty of [[Princeton University]] in 1934. Hess remained at Princeton for the rest of his career and served as Geology Department Chair from 1950 to 1966. He was a visiting professor at the [[University of Cape Town]], [[South Africa]] (1949–1950), and the [[University of Cambridge]], [[England]] (1965). |
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==Military career== |
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Hess joined the [[United States Navy]] during World War II, becoming [[Captain (nautical)|captain]] of the [[USS Cape Johnson (AP-172)|USS ''Cape Johnson'']], an attack transport ship equipped with a new technology: [[sonar]]. This command would later prove to be key in Hess's development of his theory of [[sea floor spreading]]. Hess carefully tracked his travel routes to [[Pacific Ocean]] landings on the [[Marianas]], [[Philippines]], and [[Iwo Jima]], continuously using his ship's [[echo sounder]]. This unplanned wartime scientific surveying enabled Hess to collect ocean floor profiles across the North [[Pacific Ocean]], resulting in the discovery of flat-topped submarine volcanoes, which he termed [[guyot]]s, after the nineteenth century geographer [[Arnold Henry Guyot]]. After the war, he remained in the [[United States Navy Reserve|Naval Reserve]], rising to the rank of [[Rear admiral (United States)|rear admiral]]. |
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==Scientific discoveries== |
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In 1960, Hess made his single most important contribution, which is regarded as part of the major advance in geologic science of the 20th century. In a widely circulated report to the [[Office of Naval Research]], he advanced the theory, now generally accepted, that the Earth's crust moved laterally away from long, volcanically active [[mid-ocean ridge|oceanic ridges]]. He only understood his ocean floor profiles across the North Pacific Ocean after [[Bruce Heezen]] (1953, [[Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory|Lamont Group]]) discovered the Great Global Rift, running along the [[Mid-Atlantic Ridge]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Seismic-refraction measurements in the Atlantic Ocean basins, in the Mediterranean Sea, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and in the Norwegian Sea |first=John |last=Ewing |first2=Maurice |last2=Ewing |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1959)70[291:SMITAO]2.0.CO;2 |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |date=March 1959 |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=291–318 |bibcode = 1959GSAB...70..291E }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1060-98 |last=Heezen |first=B. C. |year=1960 |title=The rift in the ocean floor |journal=Scientific American |volume=203 |pages=98–110 |issue=4}}</ref> ''[[Seafloor spreading]]'', as the process was later named, helped establish [[Alfred Wegener| Alfred Wegener's]] earlier (but generally dismissed at the time) concept of [[continental drift]] as scientifically respectable. This triggered a revolution in the earth sciences.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=J. Tuzo |last=Wilson |date= December 1968 |title=A Revolution in Earth Science |journal=Geotimes |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=10–16 |place=Washington DC}}</ref> Hess's report was formally published in his ''[http://repositories.cdlib.org/sio/lib/23 History of Ocean Basins]'' (1962),<ref>{{Cite book |first=H. H. |last=Hess |chapterurl=http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Hess1962.pdf |chapter=History of Ocean Basins |date=November 1, 1962 |title=Petrologic studies: a volume in honor of A. F. Buddington |editor=A. E. J. Engel, Harold L. James, and B. F. Leonard |place=Boulder, CO |publisher=Geological Society of America |pages=599–620 }}</ref> which for a time was the single most referenced work in solid-earth [[geophysics]]. Hess was also involved in many other scientific endeavours, including the [[Mohole]] project (1957–1966), an investigation onto the feasibility and techniques of [[Deep Sea Drilling Program|deep sea drilling]]. |
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==Death== |
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Hess died from a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in [[Woods Hole, Massachusetts]], on August 25, 1969, while chairing a meeting of the Space Science Board of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]. He was buried in the [[Arlington National Cemetery]] and was posthumously awarded the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Distinguished Public Service Award. |
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The [[American Geophysical Union]] established the '''Harry H. Hess''' medal in his memory in 1984 to "honor outstanding achievements in research of the constitution and evolution of Earth and sister planets."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agu.org/about/honors/union/hess/|title=Harry H. Hess Medal|publisher=[[American Geophysical Union]]|accessdate=12 December 2009}}</ref> |
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==Selected publications== |
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* {{Cite journal |doi=10.2475/ajs.244.11.772 |last=Hess |first=H.H. |year=1946 |title=Drowned ancient islands of the Pacific basin |journal=Am. J. Sci. |volume=244 |pages=772–91 |issue=11 }} Also in: {{Cite journal |last=Hess |first=H.H. |year=1947 |journal=International Hydrographic Review |volume=24 |pages=81–91 }} ; And {{Cite journal |last=Hess |first=H.H. |year=1948 |journal=Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report for 1947 |pages=281–300 }} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Hess |first=H.H. |year=1953 |last2=Maxwell |first2=J. C. |chapter=Major structural features of the south-west Pacific: a preliminary interpretation of H. O. 5484, bathymetric chart, New Guinea to New Zealand. |title=Proceedings of the 7th Pacific Science Congress: Held at Auckland and Christchurch, New Zealand, 1949 |pages=14–17 |place=Wellington |publisher=Harry H. Tombs, Ltd |volume=2 }} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Hess |first=H.H. |year=1954 |chapter=Geological hypotheses and the Earth's crust under the oceans |title=A Discussion on the Floor of the Atlantic Ocean |pages=341–48 |series=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A |volume=222 |issue=1150 }} |
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* {{Cite journal |last=Hess |first=H.H. |year=1955 |title=The oceanic crust |journal=Journal of Marine Research |volume=14 |pages=423–39 }} |
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* {{Cite journal |last=Hess |first=H.H. |year=1955 |chapter=Serpentines, orogeny and epeirogeny |title=Crust of the Earth |editor=A. W. Poldervaart |pages=391–407 |series=Geological Society of America, Special Paper No. 62 (Symposium) |place=New York |publisher=The Society }} |
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* {{Cite journal |last=Hess |first=H.H. |year=1959 |title=The AMSOC hole to the Earth's mantle |journal=Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=40 |pages=340–345 }} Also in: {{Cite journal |last=Hess |first=H.H. |year=1960 |journal=Am. Scientist |volume=47 |pages=254–263 }} |
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* {{Cite journal |last=Hess |first=H.H. |year=1960 |chapter=Nature of great oceanic ridges |title=Preprints of the 1st International Oceanographic Congress (New York, August 31-September 12, 1959) |pages=33–34 |place=Washington |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science. (A) }} |
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* {{Cite journal |last=Hess |first=H.H. |year=1960 |title=Evolution of ocean basins |series=Report to Office of Naval Research. Contract No. 1858(10), NR 081-067 |pages=38 }} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=James |first=Harold L. |title=Harry Hammond Hess (1906-1969) |year=1973 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |place=Washington D. C. |url=http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/hhess.pdf }} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bohess.html Harry Hess (1906-1969) A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries] |
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*[http://etc.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/hess_harry.html Harry Hammond Hess Biography] taken from {{cite book | author=Leitch, Alexander | title=A Princeton Companion | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1978 | isbn=0-691-04654-9}} |
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{{Authority control|VIAF=48231519}} |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME = Hess, Harry |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = United States admiral |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = May 24, 1906 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = |
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| DATE OF DEATH = August 25, 1969 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hess, Harry}} |
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[[Category:American geologists]] |
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[[Category:American geophysicists]] |
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[[Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction]] |
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[[Category:People from New York City]] |
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[[Category:United States Navy admirals]] |
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[[Category:1906 births]] |
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[[Category:1969 deaths]] |
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[[Category:University of Cape Town academics]] |
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[[Category:Yale University alumni]] |
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[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]] |
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[[Category:Penrose Medal winners]] |
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Revision as of 13:44, 16 September 2013
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