Helen Arthur
Helen Arthur | |
|---|---|
| Born | March 29, 1879 |
| Died | December 9, 1939 (aged 60) |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Theatre manager |
| Partner | Agnes Morgan |
Helen Arthur was a theatre manager, known for managing the Neighborhood Playhouse for thirteen seasons (1915-1927). Arthur was also the manager of several notable actors including Ruth Draper.[1]
Helen Jean Arthur was born March 29, 1879 in Lancaster, Wisconsin to Lemuel John Arthur (a lawyer) and Mary Emma Ziegler Arthur.[2][1] She attended Evanston Township High School, followed by a year at Northwestern University (1897-1898), and received a Bachelor of Law degree from New York University in 1901.[2] Supposedly she was the first woman to try a criminal case in New York State.[2] During her time in law practice she co-authored the handbook "Domestic Employment: A Handbook" which sought to explain applicable laws to an area which was subject to abuse.[3]
Helen Arthur's legal work brought her into contact with Lillian Wald of the Henry Street Settlement. Arthur was in residence at the Settlement during 1906, and was one of two people known to have had romantic relationships with Wald. The two vacationed together during August-September 1906.[2][4] While practicing law Arthur began writing theatre reviews for a small publication. She soon gave up her law practice and became the agent for actress Grace George.[5] She performed secretarial work for the theatrical managers, the Shubert brothers Lee and Jacob J. Shubert. A 1915 notice in Variety announced her leaving the Shuberts brothers "after seven or eight years." The notice also mentioned that Arthur, an "occasional authoress," had written a skit based on the Shuberts featuring characters Jake and Lee and that Arthur had taken the "Jake" part.[6]
By 1915, Alice Lewisohn (later Alice Crowley) and her sister Irene Lewisohn were in need of legal help for their nascent theatrical project, the Neighborhood Playhouse. Alice called upon Arthur to assist her, becoming part of the staff, despite Sarah Cowell Le Moyne's (the head teacher) distaste for "all feminists who invade the profession of men."[7] A 1916 article in Variety described Arthur as publicity director.[8] Arthur was responsible for introducing Agnes Morgan (by that time her partner[9][10]) to Lewisohn, who went on to become one of the Playhouse's most significant directors.[7] In her memoir of the Playhouse, Lewisohn (now Crowley) described Arthur as "lithe, shirt-waisted, and stiff-colored Helen Arthur, dapper, bright-eyed, keen; and her friend the quiet, serious, watchful Agnes Morgan."[7] A Playhouse performer described her as "quite a pixie, bright as a whistle, and a little devilish too."[2] Of the relationship between Arthur and Agnes Morgan, another Playhouse performer said they "were a lesbian couple; just everyone knew."[4]
Helen Arthur also engaged in pursuits outside of the Playhouse. In 1916 she was the manager for actress Doris Keane.[11] In 1918 Arthur managed the Over There Theatre League in which a number of actors sailed for France and England to perform for the troops stationed there.[12]
After the Neighborhood Playhouse closed in 1927, Helen Arthur and Agnes Morgan formed their own company, Actor-Managers, Inc. Arthur continued to manage notable actresses including Mrs. Patrick Campbell, Florence Roberts as well as the singer Marion Kirby and dancer Angna Enters.[5] She managed Ruth Draper for ten years, from 1929 until her death in 1939.[1]
Arthur was an active proponent of non-profit theatre. In 1924 she gave a talk on "The Rebellious Theatre" before the Society for Ethical Culture. Arthur expounded on producing plays as "real worth-while things, giving consideration to the playwrights, actors and public." Two directors whom she classified as "rebellious" were Arthur Hopkins and George C. Tyler.[13] In 1927 Arthur participated in the fifth annual "Little Theatre Tournament," given under the auspices of the Manhattan Little Theatre Club. In her presentation, Arthur spoke against "selfish theatre" (the euphemism she used for commercial theatre) which she felt was against the objectives of artistic theatre. She came down on the side of what she called "insurgent theatre" (evidently the kind of theatre had had been produced by the Neighborhood Playhouse), and took commercial managers to task for ignoring public opinion and over-charging attendees.[14]
By the early 1930s, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) saw a rising tide of censorship in the theatre from external sources (such as ministers and politicians) as well as from internal sources such as (Actors' Equity which had self-imposed restrictions on expression and suggested that the Dramatists Guild of America do the same). To combat this, the ACLU created the Committee Against Stage Censorship in 1931.[15] Helen Arthur joined the Committee saying that she was "unequivocally opposed to censorship." She went as far as accusing both the Dramatists Guild and Actors' Equity of engaging in a mild form of censorship by discouraging members from writing and appearing in "dirty plays."[16]
She was director of the Casino Theatre in Newport, Rhode Island from 1935-1939 during its summer seasons. The plays she produced there included At Marian's (with Laurette Taylor), Night in the House and two plays written by Morgan, If Love Were All and Grandpa (written under the pseudonym Cutler Hatch).[2] In 1936 she and Morgan joined the Popular Price Unit of the Federal Theatre Project where they presented American Holiday, Thirteenth Chair and Class of '29.[2] In 1938-1939 she was appointed executive director of the Ann Arbor Dramatic Season for 1938.[17][2]
Helen Arthur died of cerebral thrombosis at the Neurological Institute of New York. Her obituary stated that she had homes in New York City and Pleasantville, New York.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d "Helen Arthur, Play Director, Is Dead at 60," undated clipping from a local New York City newspaper in the Clipping File of the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library, accessed March 7, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Billy J. Harbin, Kim Marra, Robert A. Schanke editors, The Gay & Lesbian Theatrical Legacy: a Biographical Dictionary of Major Figures in American Stage History in the Pre-Stonewall Era (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2005), p.30-32.
- ^ Domestic Employment: A Handbook (New York: Legal Aid Society, 1908).
- ^ a b Claire Coss, "Lillian D. Wald: Progressive Activist" (New York: The Feminist Press at CUNY, 1989), p. 9-10.
- ^ a b "Helen Arthur," Billboard (Dec. 23, 1939), p. 29.
- ^ "Helen Arthur," Variety (Jul. 2, 1915), p. 9.
- ^ a b c Alice Lewisohn Crowley, "The Neighborhood Playhouse: Leaves From a Theatre Scrapbook" (New York: Theatre Arts Books, 1959), p. 31.
- ^ Jack Edwards, "The Neighborhood Playhouse," Variety (Mar. 25, 1916), p. 4.
- ^ The 1915 New York State Census shows Helen Arthur and Agnes Morgan as roomers living on 11 East 44th Street. "New York State Census, 1915," available through Ancestry.com, accessed March 6, 2016 (access by subscription).
- ^ The 1920 U.S. Federal Census shows Helen Arthur and Agnes Morgan living together at 21 West 9th Street in Manhattan. "1920 United States Federal Census" Manhattan Assembly District 10, District 0713, available through Ancestry.com, accessed March 6, 2016 (access by subscription).
- ^ "Dramatic Notes," Variety (Nov. 4, 1916). p. 5.
- ^ "Vaudeville: Units Ready," Variety (Jul. 26, 1918), p. 6.
- ^ "Plea for Noncommercial Theater," Billboard (Nov 15, 1924), p. 107.
- ^ "Little Theatre Tournament," Variety (May 4, 1927), p. 46.
- ^ Samuel Walker, In Defense of American Liberties: a History of the ACLU (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999), p. 85.
- ^ Lee Ann Wheeler, "Where Else but Greenwich Village? Love, Lust, and the Emergence of the American Civil Liberties Union's Sexual Rights Agenda, 1920-1931," Journal of the History of Sexuality 21, No. 1 (Jan 2012), p. 86-87.
- ^ "Helen Arthur New Head of Ann Arbor, '38 Plans," Variety (Jan 26, 1938), p. 57.