Hereditarily finite set

"Nested set" redirects here. The term may also refer to the Nested set model in relational databases.

$~V_{4}~$ represented with circles in place of curly brackets    

In mathematics and set theory, hereditarily finite sets are defined as finite sets whose elements are all hereditarily finite sets.

Formal definition

A recursive definition of well-founded hereditarily finite sets goes as follows:

Base case: The empty set is a hereditarily finite set.

Recursion rule: If a₁,...,a_k are hereditarily finite, then so is {a₁,...,a_k}.

The set of all well-founded hereditarily finite sets is denoted V_ω. If we denote by ℘(S) the power set of S, and by V₀ the empty set, then V_ω can also be constructed by setting V₁ = ℘(V₀), V₂ = ℘(V₁),..., V_k = ℘(V_k−1),... and so on. Thus, V_ω can be expressed as follows:

$\bigcup _{k=0}^{\infty }V_{k}=V_{\omega }.$

Discussion

The hereditarily finite sets are a subclass of the Von Neumann universe. They are a model of the axioms consisting of the axioms of set theory with the axiom of infinity replaced by its negation, thus proving that the axiom of infinity is not a consequence of the other axioms of set theory.

Notice that there are countably many hereditarily finite sets, since V_n is finite for any finite n (its cardinality is 2ⁿ⁻¹, see tetration), and the union of countably many finite sets is countable.

Equivalently, a set is hereditarily finite if and only if its transitive closure is finite. V_ω is also symbolized by $H_{\aleph _{0}}$, meaning hereditarily of cardinality less than $\aleph _{0}$.

Ackermann's bijection

Ackermann (1937) gave the following natural bijection f from the natural numbers to the hereditarily finite sets, known as the Ackermann coding. It is defined recursively by

$f(2^{a}+2^{b}+\cdots )=\{f(a),f(b),\ldots \}$ if a, b, ... are distinct.

We have f(m) ∈ f(n) if and only if the mth binary digit of n (counting from the right starting at 0) is 1.

Rado graph

The graph whose vertices are the hereditarily finite sets, with an edge joining two vertices whenever one is contained in the other, is the Rado graph or random graph.

See also

• Hereditarily countable set

References

• Ackermann, Wilhelm (1937), "Die Widerspruchsfreiheit der allgemeinen Mengenlehre", Mathematische Annalen, 114 (1): 305–315, doi:10.1007/BF01594179