Homopolar motor: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Homopolar_Motor_Large_neutral.jpg|thumb|250px|[[DIY]] Simple homopolar motor made with drywall screw, a battery cell, a wire, and a disk magnet. The screw and magnet make contact with the bottom of the battery cell and are held together by the magnet's attraction. The screw and magnet spin, with the screw tip acting as a bearing. The Magnet is on top of the Screw head.]] |
--[[Special:Contributions/202.151.77.210|202.151.77.210]] ([[User talk:202.151.77.210|talk]]) 01:07, 17 February 2014 (UTC)--[[Special:Contributions/202.151.77.210|202.151.77.210]] ([[User talk:202.151.77.210|talk]]) 01:07, 17 February 2014 (UTC)--[[Special:Contributions/202.151.77.210|202.151.77.210]] ([[User talk:202.151.77.210|talk]]) 01:07, 17 February 2014 (UTC)[[File:Homopolar_Motor_Large_neutral.jpg|thumb|250px|[[DIY]] Simple homopolar motor made with drywall screw, a battery cell, a wire, and a disk magnet. The screw and magnet make contact with the bottom of the battery cell and are held together by the magnet's attraction. The screw and magnet spin, with the screw tip acting as a bearing. The Magnet is on top of the Screw head.]] |
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A '''homopolar motor''' is a direct current [[electric motor]] with two [[Magnet#Modelling magnets|magnetic poles]], the conductors of which always cut unidirectional lines of [[magnetic flux]] by rotating a conductor around a [[Rotation around a fixed axis|fixed axis]] that is parallel to the [[magnetic field]]. The resulting [[Electromotive force|EMF]] (Electromotive Force) being continuous in one direction, the homopolar motor needs no [[Commutator (electric)|commutator]] but still requires [[slip rings]].<ref name="Knowlton (1949)">{{cite conference|booktitle=Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers|edition=8th|year=1949|title=§197-§204 'Acyclic or Homopolar Machines' in Section 8 - Direct-Current Generators and Motors|first=L.|last=Lynn|editor-first=A.E.|editor-last=Knowlton|publisher=McGraw-Hill|pages=}}</ref> The name ''homopolar'' indicates that the [[electrical polarity]] of the conductor and the magnetic field poles do not change (i.e., that it does not require commutation). |
A '''homopolar motor''' is a direct current [[electric motor]] with two [[Magnet#Modelling magnets|magnetic poles]], the conductors of which always cut unidirectional lines of [[magnetic flux]] by rotating a conductor around a [[Rotation around a fixed axis|fixed axis]] that is parallel to the [[magnetic field]]. The resulting [[Electromotive force|EMF]] (Electromotive Force) being continuous in one direction, the homopolar motor needs no [[Commutator (electric)|commutator]] but still requires [[slip rings]].<ref name="Knowlton (1949)">{{cite conference|booktitle=Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers|edition=8th|year=1949|title=§197-§204 'Acyclic or Homopolar Machines' in Section 8 - Direct-Current Generators and Motors|first=L.|last=Lynn|editor-first=A.E.|editor-last=Knowlton|publisher=McGraw-Hill|pages=}}</ref> The name ''homopolar'' indicates that the [[electrical polarity]] of the conductor and the magnetic field poles do not change (i.e., that it does not require commutation). |
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In 1821, soon after the Danish physicist and chemist [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] discovered the phenomenon of [[electromagnetism]], [[Humphry Davy]] and British scientist [[William Hyde Wollaston]] tried, but failed, to design an [[electric motor]].<ref name="IEEUK">[http://www.theiet.org/about/libarc/archives/biographies/faraday.cfm "Archives Biographies: Michael Faraday", The Institution of Engineering and Technology.]</ref> Faraday, having discussed the problem with the two men, went on to build two devices to produce what he called "electromagnetic rotation". One of these, now known as the ''homopolar motor'', caused a continuous circular motion that was engendered by the circular magnetic force around a wire that extended into a pool of [[mercury (element)|mercury]] wherein was placed a magnet; the wire would then rotate around the magnet if supplied with current from a chemical battery. These experiments and inventions formed the foundation of modern electromagnetic technology. In his excitement, Faraday published results without acknowledging his work with either Wollaston or Davy. The resulting controversy within the [[Royal Society]] strained his mentor relationship with Davy and may well have contributed to Faraday’s assignment to other activities, which consequently prevented his involvement in electromagnetic research, for several years.<ref>Hamilton's ''A Life of Discovery: Michael Faraday, Giant of the Scientific Revolution'' (2004) pp. 165–71, 183, 187–90.</ref><ref>Cantor's ''Michael Faraday, Sandemanian and Scientist'' (1991) pp. 231–3.</ref> |
In 1821, soon after the Danish physicist and chemist [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] discovered the phenomenon of [[electromagnetism]], [[Humphry Davy]] and British scientist [[William Hyde Wollaston]] tried, but failed, to design an [[electric motor]].<ref name="IEEUK">[http://www.theiet.org/about/libarc/archives/biographies/faraday.cfm "Archives Biographies: Michael Faraday", The Institution of Engineering and Technology.]</ref> Faraday, having discussed the problem with the two men, went on to build two devices to produce what he called "electromagnetic rotation". One of these, now known as the ''homopolar motor'', caused a continuous circular motion that was engendered by the circular magnetic force around a wire that extended into a pool of [[mercury (element)|mercury]] wherein was placed a magnet; the wire would then rotate around the magnet if supplied with current from a chemical battery. These experiments and inventions formed the foundation of modern electromagnetic technology. In his excitement, Faraday published results without acknowledging his work with either Wollaston or Davy. The resulting controversy within the [[Royal Society]] strained his mentor relationship with Davy and may well have contributed to Faraday’s assignment to other activities, which consequently prevented his involvement in electromagnetic research, for several years.<ref>Hamilton's ''A Life of Discovery: Michael Faraday, Giant of the Scientific Revolution'' (2004) pp. 165–71, 183, 187–90.</ref><ref>Cantor's ''Michael Faraday, Sandemanian and Scientist'' (1991) pp. 231–3.</ref> |
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[[Benjamin G. Lamme|B. G. Lamme]] described in 1912 a homopolar machine rated 2,000 kW, 260 V, 7,700 A and 1,200 rpm with 16 slip rings operating at a peripheral velocity of 67 m/s. A unipolar generator rated 1,125 kW, 7.5 V 150,000 A, 514 rpm built in 1934 was installed in a U.S. steel mill for pipe welding purposes.<ref>Lynn, p. 842</ref> |
[[Benjamin G. Lamme|B. G. Lamme]] described in 1912 Mccarthy primo a homopolar machine rated 2,000 kW, 260 V, 7,700 A and 1,200 rpm with 16 slip rings operating at a peripheral velocity of 67 m/s. A unipolar generator rated 1,125 kW, 7.5 V 150,000 A, 514 rpm built in 1934 was installed in a U.S. steel mill for pipe welding purposes.<ref>Lynn, p. 842</ref> |
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==Principle of operation== |
==Principle of operation== |
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Revision as of 01:07, 17 February 2014
--202.151.77.210 (talk) 01:07, 17 February 2014 (UTC)--202.151.77.210 (talk) 01:07, 17 February 2014 (UTC)--202.151.77.210 (talk) 01:07, 17 February 2014 (UTC)
A homopolar motor is a direct current electric motor with two magnetic poles, the conductors of which always cut unidirectional lines of magnetic flux by rotating a conductor around a fixed axis that is parallel to the magnetic field. The resulting EMF (Electromotive Force) being continuous in one direction, the homopolar motor needs no commutator but still requires slip rings.[1] The name homopolar indicates that the electrical polarity of the conductor and the magnetic field poles do not change (i.e., that it does not require commutation).
History
The homopolar motor was the first electrical motor to be built. Its operation was demonstrated by Michael Faraday in 1821 at the Royal Institution in London.[3][4]
In 1821, soon after the Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian Ørsted discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetism, Humphry Davy and British scientist William Hyde Wollaston tried, but failed, to design an electric motor.[5] Faraday, having discussed the problem with the two men, went on to build two devices to produce what he called "electromagnetic rotation". One of these, now known as the homopolar motor, caused a continuous circular motion that was engendered by the circular magnetic force around a wire that extended into a pool of mercury wherein was placed a magnet; the wire would then rotate around the magnet if supplied with current from a chemical battery. These experiments and inventions formed the foundation of modern electromagnetic technology. In his excitement, Faraday published results without acknowledging his work with either Wollaston or Davy. The resulting controversy within the Royal Society strained his mentor relationship with Davy and may well have contributed to Faraday’s assignment to other activities, which consequently prevented his involvement in electromagnetic research, for several years.[6][7]
B. G. Lamme described in 1912 Mccarthy primo a homopolar machine rated 2,000 kW, 260 V, 7,700 A and 1,200 rpm with 16 slip rings operating at a peripheral velocity of 67 m/s. A unipolar generator rated 1,125 kW, 7.5 V 150,000 A, 514 rpm built in 1934 was installed in a U.S. steel mill for pipe welding purposes.[8]
Principle of operation
The homopolar motor is driven by the Lorentz force: as it moves through a magnetic field, the conductor is pushed through a magnetic field by opposing forces. This force induces a torque around the axis of rotation.[9] Because the axis of rotation is parallel to the magnetic field, and the opposing magnetic fields do not change polarity, no commutation is required for the conductor to keep turning. This simplicity is achieved at the cost of not being able to have more than one coil turn, which makes this configured homopolar motor unsuited for most useful applications. Homopolar motors have advantages and disadvantages and have not been fully developed.
Like most electro-mechanical machines, a homopolar motor is reversible: if the conductor is turned mechanically, then it will operate as a homopolar generator, producing a direct current voltage between the two terminals of the conductor. The direct current produced is an effect of the homopolar nature of the design.
The above explanation looks reasonable for the one-turn motor shown below. However, it is certainly invalid for the "bolt-motor" shown in the first picture (DIY Simple homopolar motor made with drywall screw, a battery cell, a wire, and a disk magnet). There is no way to use Lorentz forces on the screw. It does not have a rotating wire frame at all and used to be explained only by the scalar magnetic field based on G. Nikolaev's theory and used by Marinov.
Building a simple homopolar motor
A homopolar motor is very easy to build. A permanent magnet is used to provide the external magnetic field in which the conductor will turn, and a battery causes a current to flow along a conducting wire. It is not necessary for the magnet to move, or even to be in contact with the rest of the motor; its sole purpose is to provide a magnetic field that will interact with the magnetic field induced by the current in the wire.One can attach the magnet to the battery and allow the conducting wire to rotate freely while closing the electric circuit by touching both the top of the battery and the magnet attached to the bottom of the battery. The wire and the battery may become hot if operated continuously. [10][11]
Gallery
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Homopolar motor 3D -
Homopolar motor 2D -
Intensity, magnetic field lines and Lorentz force on Homopolar motor -
Video
Examples
See also
References
- ^ Lynn, L. (1949). "§197-§204 'Acyclic or Homopolar Machines' in Section 8 - Direct-Current Generators and Motors". In Knowlton, A.E. (ed.). Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
{{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter|booktitle=ignored (|book-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Faraday, Michael (1844). Experimental Researches in Electricity. Vol. 2. ISBN 0-486-43505-9. See plate 4.
- ^ Michael Faraday, "New Electro-Magnetic Apparatus," Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts 12, 186-187 (1821). Scanned pages
- ^ Michael Faraday, "Description of an Electro-magnetic Apparatus for the Exhibition of Rotatory Motion," Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts 12, 283-285 (1821). Scanned pages Original illustration (plate) of the homopolar motor, referred to on p. 283 of Faraday's second article. Index of Quarterly Journal for Faraday, Michael
- ^ "Archives Biographies: Michael Faraday", The Institution of Engineering and Technology.
- ^ Hamilton's A Life of Discovery: Michael Faraday, Giant of the Scientific Revolution (2004) pp. 165–71, 183, 187–90.
- ^ Cantor's Michael Faraday, Sandemanian and Scientist (1991) pp. 231–3.
- ^ Lynn, p. 842
- ^ See, e.g., Richard P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, vol. II, section 17-2, (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1964). ISBN 0-201-02117-X
- ^ "How the build the simplest electric motor", from Evil Mad Scientist Laboratories, Aug. 7, 2006
- ^ "How to make a homopolar motor[dead link], from Dangerously Fun, Jan. 31, 2007