View source for Huai'an

{{Distinguish|Huainan}}
{{Other uses|Huai'an (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available-->
<!-- Basic info  ---------------->
|name                   = Huai'an
|official_name          = 
|other_name             = Hwaian, Huai-an
|native_name            = {{nobold|{{lang|zh|淮安市}}}}
|settlement_type        =[[Prefecture-level city]]
|total_type             = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->
<!-- |motto      gives error message -->      
<!-- images and maps  ----------->
|image_skyline          = {{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| total_width              = 290
| image_style              = border:1;
| perrow                   = 1/2/2
| image1                   = 镇淮楼.JPG
| image2                   = 周恩来纪念馆观光层欣赏淮安区景色.jpg
| image3                   = Huaian Trams Line 1.jpg
| image4                   = Zhou Enlai1.jpg
| image5                   = 河下古镇夜景.jpg
}}
| image_size               = 
| image_caption            = '''Left to right, top to bottom:''' Zhenhuailou Tower above the city gate, the skyline of Huai'an, [[Trams in Huai'an|Huai'an tram line]] 1, the Zhou Enlai Memorial Hall, night view of Hexia old town.
|blank_emblem_type      =
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|image_map1             = Huaian locator map in Jiangsu.svg
|mapsize1               =  
|map_caption1           = Location of Huai'an City (red) in Jiangsu
|image_dot_map          =
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|pushpin_map            = China Jiangsu#Eastern China#China
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|pushpin_map_caption    =Location of the city center in Jiangsu
|pushpin_mapsize        =
<!-- Location ------------------>
|subdivision_type       = Country
|subdivision_name = [[China|People's Republic of China]]
|subdivision_type1      = [[Province (China)|Province]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Jiangsu]]
|subdivision_type2      = 
|subdivision_name2      = 
|seat_type              = Municipal seat
|seat                   = [[Huai'an District]]
|parts_type             =
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<!-- Politics ----------------->
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =Mayor
|leader_name            =[[Hui Jianlin]] ({{zh|c=惠建林 |labels=no}})
|leader_title1          =  <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
|leader_name1           =
|leader_title2          =
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|leader_title4          =
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|established_title      =  <!-- Settled -->
|established_date       = 
|established_title1     =  <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
|established_date1      = 
|established_title2     = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> 
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|founder                =
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<!-- Area    --------------------->
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|unit_pref                = <!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric-->
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           =9950 <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
|area_land_km2            = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion-->
|area_water_km2           =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           =4494.3
|area_metro_km2           =3202.6
|area_blank1_title        =
|area_blank1_km2          =
<!-- Elevation -------------------------->
|elevation_footnotes    =  <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
|elevation_m            = 
|elevation_ft           =
|elevation_max_m            = 
|elevation_max_ft           =
|elevation_min_m            = 
|elevation_min_ft           =
<!-- Population   ----------------------->
|population_as_of               =2020 census
|population_footnotes           =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/jiangsu/admin/|title = China: Jiāngsū (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>
|population_note                =
|population_total               =4556230 
|population_density_km2         =auto
|population_metro               =2544767
|population_density_metro_km2   =auto
|population_urban               =2829864
|population_density_urban_km2   =auto
|population_blank1_title        =
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|population_density_blank1_km2 =   
| demographics_type2   = GDP<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dy.163.com/v2/article/detail/E6MPUTF9053718WA.html |title=存档副本 |access-date=2019-10-07 |archive-date=2019-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007050113/http://dy.163.com/v2/article/detail/E6MPUTF9053718WA.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city]] 
| demographics2_info1 = [[Renminbi|CN¥]] 360&nbsp;billion<br />[[US$]] 54.4&nbsp;billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 73,204<br />US$ 11,083
<!-- General information  --------------->
|timezone               = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
|utc_offset             = +8
|coor_pinpoint = Huai'an municipal government
|coordinates            = {{coord|33.551|N|119.113|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-32_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}}
|postal_code_type       = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]] <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
|postal_code            =223000, 223200, 223300<br><small>(Urban center)</small><br>211600, 211700, 223100, 223400<br><small>(Other areas)</small>
(Other areas)
|area_code              =517
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-JS-08]]
|blank2_name            =Major [[Nationalities of China|Nationalities]]
|blank2_info            =[[Han Chinese|Han]]
|blank3_name            =[[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#County level|County-level divisions]]
|blank3_info            =8
|blank4_name            = '''[[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Township level|Township-level divisions]]'''
|blank4_info            =127
|blank5_name            ='''[[Licence plates of the People's Republic of China|License Plate]] Prefix'''
|blank5_info            ={{lang|zh-cn|苏H}}
|blank6_name            =
|blank6_info            =
|website = {{URL|www.huaian.gov.cn}}
|footnotes              = 
}}
{{chinese
|pic=
|picsize=
|piccap=
|c={{linktext|淮安}}
|p=Huái'ān
|w=Huai<sup>2</sup>-an<sup>1</sup>
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|h|uai|2|.|an|1}}
|psp=
|altname=Huaiyin
|t2={{linktext|淮陰}}
|s2={{linktext|淮阴}}
|p2=Huáiyīn
|w2=Huai-yin
|l2=South [[riverbank|Bank]] of the Huai
}}

'''Huai'an''',<!--Chinese in infobox; see [[WP:MOS-ZH]]--> formerly '''Huaiyin''', is a [[prefecture-level city]] in central [[Jiangsu Province]] in [[East China|Eastern China]]. As of [[2020 Chinese census|2020]], the built-up area (metro) of its 3 central urban districts had 2,544,767 inhabitants and the prefecture-level city as a whole had 4,556,230 inhabitants, down from 4.8 million in [[2010 Chinese census|2010]].

Long an important regional center, Huai'an lies on and is named for the [[Huai River]], the historical boundary between [[Northern China|Northern]] and [[Southern China|Southern Chinese culture]]. Once much closer to the [[East China Sea]], it now lies in the middle of [[Jianghuai]], the vast [[alluvial plain]] created by silt from the Huai and from the [[Yellow River]], which flowed nearby for centuries prior to the massive floods in the mid-19th century which returned it to its old course north of [[Shandong]]. Huai'an is known as the birthplace of [[Han Xin]], a famed general who helped found the [[Han dynasty]] and overwhelm [[Xiang Yu]] in [[Chu–Han Contention|Chu-han contention]]; [[Wu Cheng'en]] (1500–1582), the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] author of ''[[Journey to the West]]''; and [[Zhou Enlai]] (1898–1976), a prominent and early [[Chinese Communist Party|Chinese Communist]] leader who served as [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|premier]] of the [[PRC]] from 1949 until his death in 1976.

{{anchor|Name|Etymology|Toponymy}}

==Names==
Huai'an is the [[Chinese tones|atonal]] [[pinyin]] [[romanization of Chinese|romanization]] of the [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]] pronunciation of the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] name {{lang|zh|{{linktext|淮安}}}} (''Huái'ān''), the name of the [[River Huai]] and the Chinese word for "peaceful" or "pacified". The apostrophe is necessary because the second character begins with a vowel and pinyin generally avoids hyphens.<ref>{{citation |contribution-url=http://www.pinyin.info/romanization/hanyu/apostrophes.html |contribution=Apostrophes in Hanyu Pinyin... |url=http://www.pinyin.info |title=Pinyin.info |last=Swofford |first=Mark |location=Banqiao |publisher= |date=2023 }}.</ref> The same name was previously romanized as '''Huai-an''' in [[Wade-Giles]].

For much of the 20th century, Huai'an was officially known as '''Huaiyin''' in pinyin, '''Huai-yin''' in Wade-Giles, and '''Hwaiyin''' in [[Postal Map romanization|Postal Map]], all romanizing the Chinese name written {{lang|zh|{{linktext|淮陰}}}} in [[traditional characters]] and {{lang|zh|{{linktext|淮阴}}}} in [[simplified characters|simplified ones]], meaning "area on the [[yin-yang|yin]], shady, or south [[riverbank|bank]] of the Huai".

==Geography==
Huai'an lies on the [[Huai River]] in the [[alluvial plain|alluvial]] [[Jianghuai Plain]]. The area is very flat with only a few notable hills in [[Xuyi County]]. The highest altitude in the municipality is {{convert|200|m|sp=us}}. The area is notable for its large number of lakes, rivers, and canals. The [[Grand Canal of China|Grand Canal]] connects with the Huai in the city. [[Hongze Lake]], the fourth-largest [[lakes of China|freshwater lake in China]], is southwest of the urban districts. Towards the south, there are also several smaller lakes. Huai'an is situated almost directly south of [[Lianyungang]], southeast of [[Suqian]], northwest of [[Yancheng]], and north of [[Yangzhou]] and [[Nanjing]] in [[Jiangsu]] and northeast of [[Chuzhou]] in [[Anhui]].

=== Climate ===
The climate in Huai'an is mild, generally warm and temperate. Winters are much drier than summers. Its [[Köppen climate classification]] is Cwa: humid subtropical climate with dry winters.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location = Huai'an (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
|Jan high C = 	6.1
|Feb high C = 	8.9
|Mar high C = 	14.0
|Apr high C = 	20.2
|May high C = 	25.3
|Jun high C = 	28.8
|Jul high C = 	30.8
|Aug high C = 	30.3
|Sep high C = 	26.7
|Oct high C = 	21.9
|Nov high C = 	15.2
|Dec high C = 	8.5
|Jan mean C = 	1.6
|Feb mean C = 	4.0
|Mar mean C = 	8.6
|Apr mean C = 	14.7
|May mean C = 	20.1
|Jun mean C = 	24.2
|Jul mean C = 	27.2
|Aug mean C = 	26.6
|Sep mean C = 	22.3
|Oct mean C = 	16.7
|Nov mean C = 	10.2
|Dec mean C = 	3.8
|Jan low C = 	-1.7
|Feb low C = 	0.2
|Mar low C = 	4.2
|Apr low C = 	9.7
|May low C = 	15.4
|Jun low C = 	20.3
|Jul low C = 	24.3
|Aug low C = 	23.7
|Sep low C = 	18.8
|Oct low C = 	12.5
|Nov low C = 	6.2
|Dec low C = 	0.2
|Jan record high C = 19.3 |Jan record low C = −11.2
|Feb record high C = 24.5 |Feb record low C = −14.3
|Mar record high C = 27.1 |Mar record low C = −6.9
|Apr record high C = 32.3 |Apr record low C = -1.7
|May record high C = 34.5 |May record low C = 5.3
|Jun record high C = 36.7 |Jun record low C = 10.8
|Jul record high C = 36.6 |Jul record low C = 18.0
|Aug record high C = 37.0 |Aug record low C = 14.7
|Sep record high C = 35.1 |Sep record low C = 8.7
|Oct record high C = 31.6 |Oct record low C = 0.0
|Nov record high C = 27.4 |Nov record low C = −5.3
|Dec record high C = 20.7 |Dec record low C = −13.7
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	27.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 	31.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 	47.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 	46.9
|May precipitation mm = 	68.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 	135.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 	223.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 	191.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 	83.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 	49.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 	43.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 	23.3
|Jan humidity = 	72
|Feb humidity = 	71
|Mar humidity = 	70
|Apr humidity = 	70
|May humidity = 	73
|Jun humidity = 	77
|Jul humidity = 	85
|Aug humidity = 	86
|Sep humidity = 	82
|Oct humidity = 	76
|Nov humidity = 	74
|Dec humidity = 	71
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm	
|Jan precipitation days = 	6.0
|Feb precipitation days = 	6.7
|Mar precipitation days = 	7.7
|Apr precipitation days = 	7.4
|May precipitation days = 	9.0
|Jun precipitation days = 	8.8
|Jul precipitation days = 	13.2
|Aug precipitation days = 	12.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	8.0
|Oct precipitation days = 	6.3
|Nov precipitation days = 	6.9
|Dec precipitation days = 	5.3
|year precipitation days = 	
|Jan sun = 	148.3
|Feb sun = 	143.6
|Mar sun = 	171.1
|Apr sun = 	195.1
|May sun = 	201.4
|Jun sun = 	164.1
|Jul sun = 	170.9
|Aug sun = 	184.9
|Sep sun = 	177.1
|Oct sun = 	181.1
|Nov sun = 	155.6
|Dec sun = 	158.3
|year sun = 	
| Jan percentsun = 	47
| Feb percentsun = 	46
| Mar percentsun = 	46
| Apr percentsun = 	50
| May percentsun = 	47
| Jun percentsun = 	38
| Jul percentsun = 	39
| Aug percentsun = 	45
| Sep percentsun = 	48
| Oct percentsun = 	52
| Nov percentsun = 	50
| Dec percentsun = 	51
| year percentsun =	
|Jan snow days = 	3.4
|Feb snow days = 	2.8
|Mar snow days = 	1.1
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	0.5
|Dec snow days = 	1.2
|year snow days = 	
|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =22 September 2023}}</ref>
}}

==Administration==
{{See also|List of administrative divisions of Jiangsu}}

The [[prefecture-level city]] of Huai'an administers 7 [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#County level|county-level divisions]], including 4 [[District of China|urban districts]] and 3 more [[County (People's Republic of China)|rural counties]].

These are further divided into 127 [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Township level|township-level divisions]], including 84 [[town of China|towns]], 33 [[Township (People's Republic of China)|townships]], and 10 [[Subdistricts of China|subdistrict]]s.

{|class="wikitable"
! colspan="6" | Map
|-
| colspan="6" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Huai'an.png|width={{{1|552}}}|link=}} 
{{Image label|x=630|y=1220|scale={{{1|552}}}/1840|text=[[Hongze Lake|''Hongze<br>Lake'']]}}
{{Image label|x=1370|y=1750|scale={{{1|552}}}/1840|text=[[Gaoyou Lake|''Gaoyou<br>Lake'']]}}
{{Image label|x=1360|y=900|scale={{{1|552}}}/1840|text=[[Huai'an District|'''Huai'an''']]}}
{{Image label|x=910|y=620|scale={{{1|552}}}/1840|text=[[Huaiyin District, Huai'an|'''Huaiyin''']]}}
{{Image label|x=960|y=810|scale={{{1|552}}}/1840|text=[[Qingjiangpu District|'''Qingjiangpu''']]}}
{{Image label|x=870|y=1320|scale={{{1|552}}}/1840|text=[[Hongze District|'''Hongze''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1340|y=350|scale={{{1|552}}}/1840|text=[[Lianshui County|'''Lianshui<br>County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=400|y=1760|scale={{{1|552}}}/1840|text=[[Xuyi County|'''Xuyi<br>County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1100|y=1600|scale={{{1|552}}}/1840|text=[[Jinhu County|'''Jinhu<br>County''']]}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
! align=left          | Subdivision
! align=left          | Simplified Chinese
! align=left          | Hanyu Pinyin
! align=left          | Population {{small|([[Seventh National Population Census of the People's Republic of China|2020]])}}
! align=left          | Area {{small|(km<sup>2</sup>)}}
! align=left          | Density {{small|(/km<sup>2</sup>)}}
|-
|- style="background:#d3d3d3;"
| colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; "| '''City Proper'''
|-
| align=left | [[Qingjiangpu District]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|清江浦区}}
| align=right| Qīngjiāngpǔ Qū
| align=right| 1,010,704
| align=right| 438.5
| align=right| 2,305
|-
|- style="background:#d3d3d3;"
| colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; "| '''Suburban'''
|-
| align=left | [[Huai'an District]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|淮安区}}
| align=right| Huáiān Qū
| align=right| 785,272
| align=right| 1,460
| align=right| 537.9
|-
| align=left | [[Huaiyin District, Huai'an|Huaiyin District]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|淮阴区}}
| align=right| Huáiyīn Qū
| align=right| 748,791
| align=right| 1,315
| align=right| 569.4
|-
| align=left | [[Hongze District]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|洪泽区}}
| align=right| Hóngzé Qū
| align=right| 285,097
| align=right| 1,338
| align=right| 216.3
|-
|- style="background:#d3d3d3;"
| colspan="6"  style="text-align:center; "| '''Rural'''
|-
| align=left | [[Lianshui County]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|涟水县}}
| align=right| Liánshuǐ Xiàn
| align=right| 829,699
| align=right| 1,679
| align=right| 494.2
|-
| align=left | [[Xuyi County]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|盱眙县}}
| align=right| Xūyí Xiàn
| align=right| 607,211
| align=right| 2,506
| align=right| 242.3
|-
| align=left | [[Jinhu County]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|金湖县}}
| align=right| Jīnhú Xiàn
| align=right| 289,456
| align=right| 1,338
| align=right| 216.3
|-
|- style="background:#d3d3d3;"
| colspan=3 style="text-align:center; "|'''Total'''
| align=right|'''4,556,230'''
| align=right|'''9,971'''
| align=right|'''456.9'''
|-
| colspan=6 style="text-align:center; "| defunct districts - [[Qinghe District, Huai'an|Qinghe District]] & [[Qingpu District, Huai'an|Qingpu District]]
|}

==History==
[[File:Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665 0796.tif|left|250px|thumb|Huai'an ("Hoaigan"), c.{{nbsp}}1665{{sfnp|Nieuhof|1665}}]]
[[File:Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665 0797.tif|left|250px|thumb|Qingjiangpu ("Siampu"), c.{{nbsp}}1665.{{sfnp|Nieuhof|1665}}]]
[[File:Txu-oclc-10552568-ni50-12.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Huai'an ("Huai-an" {{lang|zh|淮安}}") from a 1955 map by the [[United States Army|US Army]] [[Army Map Service|Map Service]]]]

===Prehistoric China===
Huai'an lies southeast of the cradle of early [[History of China|Chinese civilization]] on the [[Wei River|Wei]] and [[Yellow River]]s. Modern [[Chinese archaeology]] has found remains from [[Neolithic China|Neolithic civilizations]] in the area as far back as the 4th millennium{{nbsp}}BC. The most famous of these is the Qinglianggang culture ({{lang|zh|[[:zh:青莲岗文化|青莲岗文化]]}}). Traditional [[Chinese historiography]] considered the area part of the [[Dongyi]] or "Eastern [[Hua-Yi distinction|Barbarians]]", but [[Chinese myth]] sometimes extended the [[flood control]] efforts of [[Yu the Great]] to the Huai.

===Ancient China===
Under the [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]], the area became an important agricultural center contested by the [[ancient Chinese states|petty kingdoms]] of the [[Spring and Autumn period]]. In 486{{nbsp}}BC, the [[hegemon (China)|hegemon]] [[Fuchai of Wu|Fuchai]] of [[Wu (state)|Wu]] completed the Han or [[Hangou Canal]] {{nowrap|(<small>[[traditional characters|t]]</small> {{lang|zh|{{linktext|邗溝}}}},}} {{nowrap|<small>[[simplified characters|s]]</small> {{lang|zh|{{linktext|邗沟}}}},}} ''Hángōu''), connecting his center of power at [[Suzhou]] near the [[Yangtze Delta]] with the Huai River at Huai'an to ease his supply lines in conflicts against [[Qiguo|Qi]]. Increasing in commercial and strategic importance, the town also became a waypoint on the Qian and Shan Roads.{{what?|date=March 2023}} During the [[Warring States period]], the area was held in turn by Wu, [[Yueguo|Yue]], and [[Chuguo|Chu]] before being conquered by [[Shi Huangdi]] of [[Qin dynasty|Qin]].

===Imperial China===
[[File:淮安府大堂.JPG|thumb|250px|Huai'an Prefecture's central offices in imperial times]]
[[File:文通塔.JPG|thumb|250px|Wentong Pagoda]]
Under the [[Qin dynasty|Qin]], the area of present-day Huai'an was administered as the [[county (China)|counties]] or districts of Huaiyin (with its seat at present-day [[Matou, Jiangsu|Matou]] in [[Huaiyin District, Huai'an|Huaiyin]]), Xuyi, and Dongyang (with its seat at present-day [[Maba, Jiangsu|Maba]] in [[Xuyi County|Xuyi]]). Its people joined the rebels who [[fall of Qin|overthrew the Qin]], prominently including [[Han Xin]].

Under the [[Han dynasty|Han]], the counties of Huaipu (with its seat in western [[Lianshui County|Lianshui]]), Sheyang (with its seat in southeastern [[Huai'an District|Huai'an]]), and Fulin (with its seat now under the waters of [[Hongze Lake]]) were added.

In [[Jian'an Era|Jian'an]] 5 ({{c.|200}}), near the beginning of the [[Three Kingdoms period]], the [[Guangling Commandery|Guangling]] [[commandery (China)|commander]] [[Chen Deng]]{{mdash}}then subordinate to [[Lü Bu]]{{mdash}}constructed the first 30-[[li (unit)|li]] section of the [[Gaojia Dike]] ({{lang|zh|高家堰}}, ''Gāojiāyàn'') to minimize damage from flooding along the Huai.<ref name=shlwsab>[[#CITEREFSHLWSA7_Sept._2020|SHLWSA (7 Sept. 2020)]].</ref> He also expanded the Hangou Canal westward and combined the small [[Fuling Lakes|Fuling lakes]] into a single [[Pofu Pond]] to assist with [[irrigation in China|irrigation]].

Under the [[Sui dynasty|Sui]], the Hangou Canal was expanded north and south to establish the [[Grand Canal of China|Grand Canal]], increasing traffic and trade through the city. [[Emperor Yang of Sui|Emperor Yang]] was also responsible for changing Pofu's name to the present-day [[Hongze Lake]] out of his delight at rainfall there, encountered after an inspection tour through drought-afflicted areas.<ref name=huaia>[[#CITEREFHuai'an5_Feb._2018|Huai'an (5 Feb. 2018)]].</ref>

During the [[Song dynasty|Song]], [[Kaifeng]]'s governor [[Du Chong]] {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|杜|充}}}},}} ''Dù Chōng'', d.{{nbsp}}1141) breached the levees holding back the Yellow River in 1128 as part of the [[Jin–Song wars|ongoing wars]] with the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] [[Jurchen Jin|Jin]] further north. A series of massive floods, manmade and natural, then caused it to [[stream capture|capture]] the [[Si River]] and begin flowing into the lower reaches of the Huai. The massive amounts of silt greatly expanded the farmland to the east of Huai'an but also greatly expanded Hongze Lake<ref name=shlwsa>[[#CITEREFSHLWSA3_Sept._2020|SHLWSA (3 Sept. 2020)]].</ref> and caused repeated and disastrous floods despite centuries of attempts at river management by [[Pan Jixun]] and similar [[Viceroy of Southern Rivers|viceroys]],<ref name=shlwsab/> often based within modern Huai'an.

The [[Ming Dynasty Ancestral Tomb]] ({{lang|zh|明祖陵}}, ''Míngzǔlíng'') is located in [[Xuyi County|Xuyi]]. Now part of Huai'an, the area around it was administered as the separate [[Si Prefecture (Huai valley)|Sizhou Prefecture]] during the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]], when it was the home of the family of the future [[Hongwu Emperor of Ming|Hongwu Emperor]] Zhu Yuanzhang. Although his family moved to [[Fengyang]] in present-day [[Anhui]] before his birth, he erected a large mausoleum in honor of his grandfather, great-grandfather, and great-great-grandfather after his establishment of the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]]. The site's was entirely submerged{{mdash}}along with the entire city of Sizhou{{mdash}}in 1680. It did not reappear above water until the early 1960s.{{sfnp|Danielson|2008}}

The original [[Qing Yan Garden]] was first built during the reign of the [[Kangxi Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]].

===Modern China===
The area was occupied by the [[Imperial Japan|Japanese]] [[Imperial Japanese Army|army]] during [[World War II]] and administered as part of [[Wang Jingwei]]'s [[Wang Jingwei regime|puppet regime]].

During the closing phases of the [[Chinese Civil War]], it fell to the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist]] [[People's Liberation Army|army]] in December 1948. On 21 April 1949, the area was reorganized as Huaiyin District and divided into the 10 counties of Guanyun, Huaiyin, Huaibao (western Huai'an and Baoyin with its seat at Chahe), Lianshui, Pisui (southern Pixian and northern Suining with its seat at Tushan), Shuyang, Siyang, Suining, Suqian, and Xin'an (parts of Shuyang and Suqian with its seat at Xin'an).

On 12 May 1950, Huaibao County was divided between Huaiyin County, Huai'an County in Yancheng District, and Baoyin County in Yangzhou District. On December 18 of the same year, the urban area of Huaiyin was separately organized as Qingjiang City, which became the seat for the district. Huaiyin District joined Jiangsu upon its reestablishment in January 1953. Xin'an County was renamed Xinyi and the seat of Pisui County was moved to Yunhe. Later the same year, Pisui, Suining, and Xinyi Counties were placed under the administration of [[Xuzhou District]]. Qingjiang was separately elevated to a prefecture-level city despite still being subordinate to Huaiyin District. Shortly thereafter, the district added Huai'an County from Yancheng, Sihong County from Suxian, and Xuyi County from Chuxian District in Anhui. In 1956, Hongze County was established from parts of Huaiyin, Sihong, and Xuyi Counties, with its seat at Gaoliangjian. In 1957, parts of Guanyun and Lianshui Counties were organized as the Xian'an Administrative Office, which shortly became the separate Guannan County. In 1958, Qingjiang absorbed the surrounding more rural Huaiyin County but was renamed Huaiyin City.

In 1964, Huaiyin County was again separated but kept its seat in the urban area, which again became Qingjiang. In 1966, Xuyi County was transferred to Luhe District.

In 1970, Huaiyin District became the Huaiyin Region. The next year, Xuyi was transferred back from the Luhe Region. Luhe also yielded Jinhu County. In 1975, Huaiyin County's administration moved from Qingjiang to Wangyin.

In 1983, the Huaiyin Region became the directly administered Huaiyin City, with its urban core losing the separate name Qingjiang and being instead divided into [[Qinghe District, Huai'an|Qinghe]] and [[Qingpu District, Huai'an|Qingpu Districts]]. Most of the Huaiyin Region's counties{{mdash}}Guannan, Huai'an, Huaiyin, Hongze, Jinhu, Lianshui, Shuyang, Sihong, Siyang, Suqian, Xuyi{{mdash}}were placed under the city's administration while the last{{mdash}}Guanyun County{{mdash}}was placed under Lianyungang. In December 1987, Huai'an and Suqian Counties were promoted to county-level cities.

In 1996, the county-level city of Suqian was promoted to prefecture-level, taking Sihong, Siyang, and Shuyang Counties along with it. Guannan County was separately placed under the administration of Lianyungang.

On 21 December 2000, the prefecture-level city of Huaiyin was renamed Huai'an. The Huaiyin County and the county-level Huai'an City became Huaiyin and Huai'an Districts and the various districts' and counties' borders slightly adjusted in different ways. In October 2016, Qinghe and Qingpu reunited to form the city's current [[Qingjiangpu District]].

==Culture==
The people of Huai'an are generally [[Nationalities of China|ethnically]] [[Han Chinese]]. The local culture is known as "[[Jianghuai people|Jianghuai]]", referring to its position between the [[Huai River]] and the [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]], long known poetically in China as simply "The River" ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|江}}}}, ''Jiāng''). The local dialect is a form of [[Jianghuai Mandarin|Jianghuai]] or [[Lower Yangtze Mandarin]]. Similarly, the local cuisine is [[Jianghuai cuisine|Jianghuai]] or [[Huaiyang cuisine]], historically considered one of the [[Four Great Traditions|four chief styles]] of true [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese cooking]].

==Sports==
The Huai'an City Sports Stadium is a [[soccer|football]] stadium with a capacity of 30,000.

==Transportation==
Huai'an is served by the [[Xinyi-Changxing railway]], which has a station in Huaiyin District.

Being at the intersection of the [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]] and [[Huai River]] Huai'an is an important [[inland port]].

The city is also served by nearby [[Huai'an Lianshui International Airport]]. Currently the airport is served by China Eastern Airlines, which offers flights to Beijing-Capital, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Shanghai-Hongqiao, Shanghai-Pudong, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Xiamen, and Xi'an. Several other airlines offer domestic flights to cities such as Nanning and Zhengzhou. The airport is located {{convert|22|km|abbr=on}} from central Huai'an in Lianshui county.

Public transportation includes a [[Trams in Huai'an|tram system]] that connects the city center with the southeastern side of the city.

==Notable people==
*[[Han Xin]] (died 196 BC), late [[Qin dynasty]] military general under [[Liu Bang]], enfeoffed the Marquess of Huaiyin.
*[[Wu Cheng'en]] (1500–1582), [[Ming dynasty]] novelist, author of the ''[[Journey to the West]]''.
*[[Guan Tianpei]] (1780–1841), Chinese national hero; died during the Opium War.
*[[Zhou Enlai]] (1898–1976), prominent [[Chinese Communist Party]] leader, [[Premier of the People's Republic of China]] from 1949 till death.
*[[Ruth Bell Graham]] (1920–2007), born Ruth McCue Bell, wife of the famous evangelist [[Billy Graham]]
*[[Qiu Jian (sport shooter)|Qiu Jian]] (1975), sport shooter, 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics gold medalist
*[[Zhao Shaolin]], former mayor of Huai'an
*[[Bu Lianshi]], (died 238) late [[Eastern Han dynasty]] the favorite concubine of [[Sun Quan]].
*[[Bu Zhi]] (died June or July 247), major assistor of Sun Quan and relative of Bu Lianshi
*[[Katherine Paterson]] (1932–), American novelist
*[[Li Yuanchao]] (1950-), former Vice President
*[[Hua Chunying]] (1970-), Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs and spokeswoman of the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs]].

==Twin towns and sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in China}}
Huai'an is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities|url=http://english.huaian.gov.cn/Government/Cities/list.html|website=huaian.gov.cn|publisher=Huai'an|access-date=2020-07-12}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Cuenca, Ecuador|Cuenca]], [[Azuay Province]], [[Ecuador]]
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Gomel]], [[Gomel Region]], [[Belarus]]
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Kolpinsky District|Kolpino]], [[Saint Petersburg, Russia]]
<!--Lucca - twinning ended-->
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Magnitogorsk]], [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], [[Russia]]
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Oakville, Ontario|Oakville]], [[Ontario]],  [[Canada]]
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Płock]], [[Masovian Voivodeship]], [[Poland]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Sassnitz]], [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Germany]]
<!--Vénissieux - twinning ended-->
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Wanju County|Wanju]], [[Jeollabuk-do]],  [[South Korea]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Yorba Linda, California|Yorba Linda]], [[California]], [[United States]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation |contribution-url=http://english.huaian.gov.cn/Tourism/Scenic/Scenic/content/5e38cfba6155fbc00161649871670b91.html |contribution=Hongze Lake Scenic Zone |date=5 February 2018 |title=''Official site'' |publisher=Huai'an Municipal Government |location=Huai'an |url=http://english.huaian.gov.cn/index.html |ref=CITEREFHuai'an5_Feb._2018 }}.
* {{citation |contribution=Hongze Lake |contribution-url=http://en.shhzhsd.cn/hzh/151.html |title=''Official site'' |url=http://en.shhzhsd.cn |publisher=Sihong Hongze Lake Wetland Scenic Area |location=Suqian |date=3 September 2020 |ref=CITEREFSHLWSA3_Sept._2020 }}.
* {{citation |contribution-url=http://en.shhzhsd.cn/hzh/535.html |contribution=Hongze Lake Embankment |date=7 September 2020 |url=http://en.shhzhsd.cn |title=''Official site'' |publisher=Sihong Hongze Lake Wetland Scenic Area |location=Suqian |ref=CITEREFSHLWSA7_Sept._2020}}.
* {{citation |first=Eric N. |last=Danielson |contribution=The Ming Ancestor Tomb |contribution-url=http://chinaheritagenewsletter.anu.edu.au/articles.php?searchterm=016_mingancestor.inc&issue=016 |title=China Heritage Quarterly |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian National University |issue=16 |date=December 2008 |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2013-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927215137/http://chinaheritagenewsletter.anu.edu.au/articles.php?searchterm=016_mingancestor.inc&issue=016 |url-status=dead }}.
* {{citation |last=Nieuhof |first=Johan |author-link=Johan Nieuhof |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15120824.image |title=L'Ambassade de la Compagnie Orientale des Provinces Unies vers l'Empereur de la Chine... |publisher=Jacob de Meurs |location=Amsterdam |date=1665 |language=fr }}.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.huaian.gov.cn Government website of Huai'an] (in Simplified Chinese)
*[http://www.huaianese.com All things about Huai'an city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411135823/http://www.huaianese.com/ |date=2017-04-11 }} (Huaianese.com in English)
*[http://huaian.jiangsu.net Huai'an comprehensive guide with open directory] (Jiangsu.net)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150403062358/http://eng.hyit.edu.cn/WEBUI/ Huaiyin Institute of Technology] (ec.js.edu.cn)
{{Jiangsu topics}}
{{Jiangsu}}
{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Huai'an| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Jiangsu]]